Cibiyar sadarwar tarho ta al'ada tana watsa murya ta hanyar musanya, kuma watsa shirye-shiryen watsawa da ake buƙata shine 64k bit/s.Abin da ake kira VoIP ya dogara ne akan hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar sauya fakitin IP a matsayin dandamali na watsawa, Ana matsa siginar muryar analog, an haɗa shi da jerin aiki na musamman, ta yadda zai iya amfani da ka'idar UDP maras dacewa don watsawa.
Ana buƙatar abubuwa da ayyuka da yawa don watsa siginar murya akan hanyar sadarwar IP.Mafi sauƙi nau'i na hanyar sadarwa ya ƙunshi na'urori biyu ko fiye da damar VoIP waɗanda aka haɗa ta hanyar sadarwar IP.
1. Voice-to-data cojuyayi
Siginar murya ita ce siginar analog, ta hanyar hanyar IP don watsa murya, Ko aikace-aikace ne na ainihi ko aikace-aikacen da ba na lokaci ba. Da farko, siginar magana ya kamata a canza shi zuwa bayanan analog, wato, alamar magana ta analog ya kamata. a ƙididdige su da 8 ko 6 ragowa, sa'an nan kuma aika zuwa wurin ajiyar ajiya, za a iya zaɓar girman buffer bisa gazuwa jinkiri da buƙatun coding.Yawancin maƙallan ƙananan ramuka masu ƙima sun dogara ne akan ƙirar firam.
Tsawon firam na yau da kullun yana daga 10 zuwa 30ms.Idan akai la'akari da farashin lokacin watsawa, fakitin interspeech yawanci ya ƙunshi 60, 120 ko 240ms na bayanan murya. Ana iya samun digirita hanyar amfani da tsare-tsare daban-daban na coding na magana, babban wanda shine ITU-T G.711.Mai rikodin murya a inda ake nufi dole ne ya aiwatar da algorithm iri ɗaya domin na'urar magana da ke wurin zata iya dawo da siginar magana ta analog.
2, bayanan asali zuwa tya canza adireshin IP
Da zarar alamar maganaal is a digitally encoded, mataki na gaba shine damfara da ɓoye fakitin magana tare da takamaiman tsayin firam.Yawancin masu rikodin suna da takamaiman tsayin firam.Idan encoder yana amfani da firam 15ms, fakitin 60ms daga na farko an raba shi zuwa firam huɗu kuma an sanya shi cikin tsari.Kowane firam yana da samfuran magana 120 (yawan samfurin 8 kHz).Bayan shigar da bayanai, firam ɗin da aka matsa guda huɗu ana haɗa su cikin fakitin magana da aka matsa kuma a aika cikin na'urar sarrafa hanyar sadarwa.Mai sarrafa hanyar sadarwa yana ƙara fakitin kanun labarai, tambarin lokaci, da sauran bayanai zuwa muryar kuma aika shi akan hanyar sadarwar zuwa ɗayan ƙarshen ƙarshen.
Cibiyar sadarwar muryar kawai tana kafa haɗin jiki (layi) tsakanin ƙarshen ƙarshen sadarwas kuma yana watsa sigina da aka rufafi tsakanin maƙallan ƙarshen.Ba kamar cibiyoyin sadarwar da aka canza ba, hanyoyin sadarwar IP ba su samar da haɗi;a maimakon haka, suna buƙatar a sanya bayanan a cikin bayanai masu tsayi ko fakiti, sannan a aika kowannensu ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa tare da bayani da sarrafa bayanai sannan a tura shi daga tasha zuwa tasha zuwa inda yake.
3. Canja wurin
A cikin wannan tashar, ana ganin duk hanyar sadarwa tana karɓar fakitin murya daga shigarwar sannan kuma isar da ita zuwa kayan aikin cibiyar sadarwa a cikin ƙayyadadden lokaci (t).t na iya bambanta ta wani cikakken kewayon, yana nuna jitter a watsawar hanyar sadarwa.
Takwarorinsu a cikin hanyar sadarwar suna bincika bayanan adireshin da ke haɗe zuwa kowane fakitin IP kuma suyi amfani da wannan bayanin don tura bayanan zuwa tasha ta gaba akan hanyar zuwa inda za ta.A nethanyar haɗin aiki na iya zama kowane topology ko hanyar samun damar da ke goyan bayan kwararar bayanan IP.
4. IP kunshin- data tuba
Na'urar VoIP mai zuwa tana karɓar wannan bayanan IP kuma ta fara aiki.Matakan cibiyar sadarwa yana ba da madaidaicin tsayin daka da ake amfani da shi don daidaita jitter ɗin da hanyar sadarwa ta haifar.A buffer iyasaukar da fakitin murya da yawa, kuma masu amfani za su iya zaɓar girman buffer.Ƙananan buffers suna haifar da ƙananan jinkiri amma ba za su iya tsara babban jitter ba.Abu na biyu, mai yankewa yana buɗe fakitin magana da aka ɓoye don samar da sabon kunshin magana.Hakanan za'a iya sarrafa wannan ƙirar ta firam, wanda tsayin daidai yake da na'urar tantancewa.
Idan tsayin firam ɗin ya kasance 15ms, fakitin magana na 60ms ana raba su zuwa firam 4, sa'an nan kuma a canza su zuwa rafin bayanan magana na 60ms kuma a aika su cikin buffer na yanke hukunci. A lokacin pro.cessing na datagram, ana cire adireshi da sarrafa bayanai, kuma ana adana ainihin danyen bayanan, wanda aka ba da shi ga mai ƙididdigewa.
5. Canjin muryar dijitalsion zuwa sautin analog
Direban sake kunnawa yana fitar da maki samfurin magana (480) a cikin buffer ya aika su zuwa katin sauti, kuma ya watsa su ta hanyar lasifikar da aka ƙayyade mitar (misali, 8kHz).A taƙaice, watsa siginar murya akan cibiyoyin sadarwar IP yana tafiya ta hanyar jujjuya siginar analog zuwa siginar dijital, encapsul.ation na dijital murya a cikin fakitin IP, watsa fakitin IP ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa, ƙaddamar da fakitin IP, da maido da muryar dijital zuwa siginar analog.
VOIP na ɗaya daga cikin kasuwancin mu wanda ke nasaONUjerin samfuran cibiyar sadarwa, da samfuran cibiyar sadarwar zafi masu dacewa na kamfaninmu sun rufe nau'ikan nau'ikanONUjerin samfurori, ciki har da ACONU/ sadarwaONU/ mai hankaliONU/ akwatinONU/ biyu PON tashar jiragen ruwaONU, da sauransu. Na samaONUAna iya amfani da samfuran jerin samfuran don buƙatun hanyar sadarwa na yanayi daban-daban.Barka da zuwa samun ƙarin cikakken fahimtar fasaha na samfuran.
