IPv4 ni verisiyo ya kane ya enterineti ya enterineti (IP) hamwe na protocole ya mbere ikoreshwa cyane bigize urufatiro rw'ikoranabuhanga rya none.Buri gikoresho na domaine bihujwe na enterineti bihabwa numero idasanzwe yitwa aderesi ya IP.Aderesi ya IPv4 numubare 32-bit igizwe na decimals enye.Hagati ya buri Decimal itandukanya numubare uri hagati ya 0 na 255. Urugero: 192.0.2.235
Muri iki gihe, kubera imiterere mishya ya IPv6, IPv4 iracyari ishingiro ryibikorwa byinshi bya interineti, kandi ibikoresho byinshi byagizwe na IPv4.Muri ibi bihe, ibikoresho byinshi ntibishobora kuvugana ukoresheje IPv6, bigatuma abantu benshi, ubucuruzi, nabandi bagikeneye IPv4.Ibikurikira, tuzamenyekanisha paketi ya IPv4.
Imiterere ya IPv4
(1)Inyandikokonte yumurima kuri 4 bits, yerekana verisiyo ya IP protocole.
(2)Uburebure bwa IP Umutwe, uyu murima ukoreshwa mugusobanura uburebure bwumutwe wa IP, kuko hari uburebure burebure butandukanye mubice bya IP.Iki gice gifite imyanya 4, hamwe nuburebure bwa 4 bytes, bivuze ko agaciro muri kano karere = uburebure bwumutwe wa IP (muri bytes) / uburebure (4 bytes).
(3)Ubwoko bwa serivisi: 8 bits z'uburebure.
PPP: Imibare itatu yambere isobanura ibyingenzi.Nibyingenzi agaciro ni, ningenzi amakuru makuru ni
000 (Routine) Bisanzwe
001 (Icyambere) icyambere, gikoreshwa mubucuruzi bwamakuru
010 (Ako kanya) ako kanya, kubucuruzi bwamakuru
011 (Flash) flash yihuta yo kohereza amajwi
100 (Flash Overrides) byihuse kubucuruzi bwa videwo
101 (bikomeye) CRI / TIC / ECP ingenzi mu kohereza amajwi
110 (Igenzura rya Interineti) Interineti igenzura, ikoreshwa mugucunga imiyoboro, nko kuyobora protocole
111 (Igenzura ry'urusobe) kugenzura imiyoboro, ikoreshwa mugucunga imiyoboro
DTRCO: Imibare 5 yanyuma
(1000) D gutinda: 0: gutinda min, 1: kugabanya gutinda bishoboka
(0100) T Ibicuruzwa: 0: ibicuruzwa byinshi (ibicuruzwa byinshi)
(0010) R kwizerwa: 0: kwinjiza byinshi, 1: kwizerwa cyane
.
(0000): bisanzwe (serivisi isanzwe).
(4)Uburebure bwuzuye bwa pack pack: 16 bits z'uburebure.Uburebure bwa paki ya IP ibarwa muri bytes (harimo imitwe namakuru), kubwibyo uburebure ntarengwa bwa paki ya IP ni 65 535 bytes.Noneho, ingano yipaki yishyurwa = Uburebure bwa IP ipaki - Uburebure bwa IP.
(5)Ikiranga: 16 bits z'uburebure.Uyu murima ukoreshwa ufatanije na Ibendera na Fragment Gutanga imirima kugirango ugabanye igice kinini cyo murwego rwo hejuru.Nyuma ya router igabanije paki, udupaki duto duto twatandukanijwe twaranzwe nagaciro kamwe, kugirango igikoresho cyerekezo gishobora gutandukanya ipaki iri mubice bitandukanijwe.
(6)Ibendera: bits 3 z'uburebure.
Umubare wambere wuyu murima ntabwo ukoreshwa.
Igice cya kabiri ni DF (Ntugabanye).Iyo DF biti yashyizwe kuri 1, byerekana ko router idashobora gutandukanya pake yo hejuru.Niba igipapuro cyo hejuru kidashobora koherezwa nta gice, router izajugunya paki yo hejuru hanyuma isubize ubutumwa bwikosa.
Igice cya gatatu ni MF (Ibice byinshi) bit.Iyo router igabanije paki yo hejuru, ishyira MF bit kuri 1 mumutwe wapaki ya IP usibye igice cyanyuma.
(7)Gucamo ibice: Uburebure bwa 13 bits, bupimye mubice bya octets 8.Yerekana aho ipaki ya IP iri mubice bipakiye, ikoreshwa nimpera yakira yo guteranya no kugarura IP packet.
(8)Igihe cyo Kubaho (TTL): Uburebure ni 8 bits, byabanje gukorwa mumasegonda (s), ariko mubyukuri bipimirwa muri hops.Icyifuzo gisanzwe ni 64. Iyo ipaki ya IP yoherejwe, agaciro kihariye gashinzwe kubanza uyu murima.Iyo paketi ya IP inyuze muri buri router munzira, buri router munzira izagabanya agaciro ka TTL kumupaki wa IP kuri 1. Niba TTL igabanutse kuri 0, ipaki ya IP izajugunywa.Uyu murima urashobora kubuza ipaki ya IP guhora yoherezwa murusobe kubera inzira zigenda.
(9)Porotokole: 16 bits z'uburebure.Byakoreshejwe muburyo bwo kumenya neza imitwe ya IP, ariko ntabwo ikubiyemo igice cyamakuru.Kuberako buri router ikeneye guhindura TTL agaciro, router izongera kubara agaciro kuri buri paki yatambutse
(10)Umutwe: 16 bits z'uburebure.Byakoreshejwe muburyo bwo kumenya neza imitwe ya IP, ariko ntabwo ikubiyemo igice cyamakuru.Kuberako buri router ikeneye guhindura TTL agaciro, router izongera kubara agaciro kuri buri paki yatambutse
(11)Inkomoko na Aho bigenewe: Aderesi zombi ni 32 bits.Kumenya inkomoko na aderesi yiyi paki.Nyamuneka menya ko keretse niba NAT ikoreshwa, izi aderesi zombi ntizahinduka mugihe cyose cyo kohereza.
(12)Amahitamo: Iyi ni impinduka ndende yumurima.Uyu murima urahinduka kandi ukoreshwa cyane mugupima, kandi urashobora kongera kwandikwa nigikoresho cyatangiye nkuko bikenewe.Ibintu bidahitamo birimo ibi bikurikira:
• Kurekura inzira: Tanga urukurikirane rwa aderesi ya IP ya interineti ya router.Ipaki ya IP igomba koherezwa kuri aderesi ya IP, ariko biremewe gusimbuka inzira nyinshi hagati ya aderesi ebyiri zikurikirana.
• Gukomeretsa inkomoko: Tanga urukurikirane rwa aderesi ya IP ya interineti ya router.Ipaki ya IP igomba koherezwa kuri aderesi ya IP, kandi niba hop ikurikira itari mumeza ya aderesi ya IP, byerekana ikosa.
• Andika inzira: Andika IP adresse ya router yo hanze yimbere mugihe ipaki ya IP isize buri router.
• Igihe cyagenwe: Andika igihe ipaki ya IP isize buri router.
• Padding: Kuberako igice cyumutwe wa IP uburebure bwa 32 bits, uburebure bwumutwe wa IP bugomba kuba integer nyinshi ya 32 bit.Kubwibyo, nyuma yuburyo butemewe, IP protocole izuzuza zeru nyinshi kugirango igere kuri integer nyinshi ya 32 bit.
Amakuru ya IPV4 arashobora gukoreshwa mubigo byacuONUibikoresho byurusobe, hamwe numuyoboro ujyanye no kugurisha ibicuruzwa bishyushye bikubiyemo ubwoko butandukanye bwaONUibicuruzwa bikurikirana, harimo ACONU/ itumanahoONU/ umunyabwengeONU/ agasandukuONU, n'ibindiONUibicuruzwa bikurikirana birashobora gukoreshwa mubisabwa murusobe mubihe bitandukanye.Ikaze abantu bose baza kandi bafite ibisobanuro birambuye bya tekiniki kubicuruzwa.
