Qaab xirmo IPV4

(1)Noocabeerta waxay xisaabisaa 4 bits, taasoo muujinaysa nooca nidaamka IP.
(2)Dhererka cinwaanka IP-ga, goobtan waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu qeexo dhererka cinwaanka IP-ga, maadaama ay jiraan qaybo dhererka doorsooma oo ikhtiyaari ah oo ku jira madaxa IP-ga.Qaybtani waxay ka kooban tahay 4 bits, oo leh unug dhererkiisu yahay 4 bytes, taas oo macnaheedu yahay in qiimaha gobolkan = IP-ga dhererka madaxa (bytes) / unugga dhererka (4 bytes).
(3)Nooca Adeegga: 8-bit oo dherer ah.
PPP: Saddexda lambar ee ugu horreeya waxay qeexayaan mudnaanta xirmada.Inta badan ee muhiimka ah ee qiimuhu waa, inta badan muhiimadda xogta Big waa
000 (Caadi ah) Caadi
001 (Mudnaanta) mudnaanta, loo isticmaalo ganacsiga xogta
010 (Isla markiiba) isla markiiba, ganacsiga xogta
011 (Flash) xawaaraha tooska ah ee gudbinta codka
100 (Flash Overrides) si degdeg ah ganacsiga fiidiyowga
101 (muhiim ah) CRI/TIC/ECP muhiim u ah gudbinta codka
110 (xakamaynta internetka) Xakamaynta shabakadaha interneedka, oo loo isticmaalo xakamaynta shabakada, sida borotokoolka marinka
111 (Shabakadda Xakamaynta) xakamaynta shabakada, loo isticmaalo xakamaynta shabakada
DTRCO: 5 nambar ee u dambeeya
(1000) D daahitaan: 0: min dib u dhac, 1: yaree dib u dhaca intii suurtogal ah
(0100) T Inta lagu guda jiro: 0: ugu badnaan wax soo saarka (ugu badnaan wax soo saarka), 1: Isku day inaad kordhiso gaadiidka sida ugu badan ee suurtogalka ah
(0010) R isku halaynta: 0: ugu badnaan wax soo saarka, 1: sarraysii isku halaynta
(0001) M Qiimaha gudbinta: 0: min Qiimaha Isniinta (jidka ugu yar ee dusha sare), 1: yaree kharashka intii suurtagal ah
(0000): caadiga ah (adeegga caadiga ah).
(4)Wadarta dhererka xirmada IP: 16 bits oo dherer ah.Dhererka xirmada IP-ga ee lagu xisaabiyo bytes (ay ku jiraan madaxa iyo xogta), sidaas darteed dhererka ugu badan ee xirmada IP waa 65 535 bytes.Markaa, cabbirka baakadda culayska la saarayo=wadarta xidhmada IP-ga dhererka - dhererka madaxa IP-ga.
(5)Aqoonsiga: 16 bits oo dherer ah.Goobtan waxa lala isticmaalaa Calamada iyo Qaybaha Bixinta si loo kala qaybiyo xidhmooyinka heerka sare ee waaweyn.Ka dib markii uu router kala qaybiyo baakidh, dhammaan baakidhyada yaryar ee kala qaybsan waxa lagu calaamadeeyaa qiime isku mid ah, si qalabka meesha uu ku socdo uu u kala saaro baakidh ka mid ah xirmada kala qaybsan.
(6)Calanka: 3 bits oo dherer ah.
Lambarka koowaad ee goobtan lama isticmaalo.
Qaybta labaad waa qaybta DF (Ha jajabin).Marka xoogaa yar ee DF loo dhigo 1, waxay muujineysaa in router uusan kala qeybin karin xirmada lakabka sare.Haddii baakadda lakabka sare aan la gudbin karin iyada oo aan la kala qaybin, router-ku wuu tuurayaa baakidhka lakabka sare oo soo celin doona fariin qalad ah.
Qaybta saddexaad waa MF (More Fragments).Marka router-ku uu kala qaybiyo baakidh lakabka sare ah, waxa uu MF-ga ka dhigayaa 1 madaxa xidhmada IP-ga marka laga reebo qaybta u dambaysa.
(7)Deminta jajabkaDhererka 13 bits, oo lagu qiyaasay halbeeg dhan 8 octets.Waxay tuseysaa meesha uu ku yaalo xirmada IP-ga ee xirmada qeybta, kaas oo loo isticmaalo dhamaadka hesha si uu isugu keeno loona soo celiyo xirmada IP-ga.
(8)Waqtiga la noolaan karo (TTL)Dhererku waa 8 bits, oo markii hore lagu nashqadeeyay ilbiriqsiyo (s), laakiin dhab ahaantii waxa lagu qiyaasaa xabo.Qiimaha caadiga ah ee lagu taliyey waa 64. Marka xirmooyinka IP la gudbiyo, qiimo gaar ah ayaa marka hore loo qoondeeyay goobtan.Marka baakidh IP ah uu dhex maro router kasta oo jidka ku jira, router kasta oo jidka ku jira wuxuu yareynayaa qiimaha TTL ee xirmada IP-ga 1. Haddii TTL laga dhigo 0, xirmada IP waa la tuurayaa.Goobtani waxay ka hortagi kartaa xirmooyinka IP-ga in si joogto ah loogu gudbiyo shabakada sababtoo ah wareegyada wareega.
(9)Baratakoolka: 16 bits oo dherer ah.Loo isticmaalo ogaanshaha saxda ah ee cinwaanada IP, laakiin kuma jiraan qaybta xogta.Sababtoo ah router kastaa wuxuu u baahan yahay inuu beddelo qiimaha TTL, router-ku wuxuu dib u xisaabin doonaa qiimahan xirmo kasta oo gudbaya.
(10)Header Checksum: 16 bits oo dherer ah.Loo isticmaalo ogaanshaha saxda ah ee cinwaanada IP, laakiin kuma jiraan qaybta xogta.Sababtoo ah router kastaa wuxuu u baahan yahay inuu beddelo qiimaha TTL, router-ku wuxuu dib u xisaabin doonaa qiimahan xirmo kasta oo gudbaya.
(11)Ciwaanka iyo Ciwaanka loo aadayo: Labada cinwaan waa 32 bits.Wuxuu aqoonsadaa meesha iyo ciwaanka loo socdo ee xidhmadan IP-gaFadlan la soco in NAT aan la isticmaalin mooyaane, labadan cinwaan isma beddeli doonaan dhammaan habka gudbinta.
(12)Ikhtiyaarada: Tani waa bed dhererka doorsooma.Goobtan waa ikhtiyaar waxaana inta badan loo isticmaalaa tijaabinta, waxaana dib u qori kara qalabkii asalka ahaa markii loo baahdo.Waxyaabaha ikhtiyaariga ah waxaa ka mid ah kuwan soo socda:

• Dariiq toosan oo ilbaxsan: Bixi cinwaanno IP taxane ah oo loogu talagalay is-dhexgalka router-ka.Xirmooyinka IP waa in lagu kala qaadaa ciwaannada IP-yada, laakiin waa la oggol yahay inay ka boodaan router badan inta u dhaxaysa laba cinwaan oo IP ah oo isku xigta.
• Dariiqa isha adag: Bixi cinwaanno IP taxane ah oo loogu talagalay is-dhexgalka router-ka.Xirmooyinka IP waa in lagu kala qaadaa ciwaannada IP-yada, iyo haddii hop-ka xiga aanu ku jirin miiska ciwaanka IP-ga, waxay muujinaysaa khalad.
Dariiqa duubo: Diiwaangeli ciwaanka IP-ga ee interneedka dibadda ee router-ka marka xirmada IP-ga ay ka baxdo router kasta.
•Waqtiyada waqtiga: Qor waqtiga marka xirmada IP-ga uu ka tago router kasta.
•Wax-saarid: Sababtoo ah cutubka dhererka madaxa IP-ga waa 32 bits, dhererka madaxa IP-ga waa inuu noqdaa tiro isku dhafan oo ah 32 bits.Sidaa darteed, ka dib ikhtiyaarka ikhtiyaariga ah, borotokoolka IP wuxuu buuxin doonaa dhowr eber si loo gaaro isku-dhufashada 32-bits.
Xogta IPV4 waxaa badanaa lagu dabaqi karaa shirkadeenaONUaaladaha shabakada, iyo shabkadayada laxiriirta alaabada iibinta kulul waxay daboolaysaa noocyo kala duwanONUalaabooyin taxane ah, oo ay ku jiraan ACONU/xidhiidhkaONU/ indheergaradONU/sanduuqaONUiwm. Kuwa sareONUalaabooyin taxane ah ayaa loo isticmaali karaa shuruudaha shabakada xaalado kala duwan.Ku soo dhawoow qof walba inuu yimaado oo uu yeesho faham farsamo oo faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan alaabta.