IPV4 ifomathi yepakethe

(1)Inguquleloi-akhawunti yentsimi yeebits ezi-4, ebonisa uguqulelo lweprotocol ye IP.
(2)IP Header Ubude, lo mhlaba usetyenziselwa ukuchaza ubude beheader ye IP, njengoko kukho iinxalenye zobude obuguquguqukayo kwi-header ye-IP.Eli candelo lithatha iibhithi ezi-4, kunye neyunithi yobude bee-bytes ezi-4, oku kuthetha ukuba ixabiso kulo mmandla=ubude bentloko ye-IP (ngee-bytes)/iyunithi yobude (4 bytes).
(3)Uhlobo lweNkonzo: 8 bits ubude.
I-PPP: Amanani amathathu okuqala achaza ukubaluleka kwephakheji.Okubaluleke ngakumbi ixabiso, kubaluleke ngakumbi ukuba idatha enkulu
000 (Inkqubo) eqhelekileyo
I-001 (Eyona nto iphambili) iphambili, isetyenziselwa ishishini ledatha
010 (Ngokukhawuleza) ngokukhawuleza, kwishishini ledatha
011 (I-Flash) isantya sombane sokuhambisa ilizwi
I-100 (i-Flash Overrides) ngokukhawuleza kwishishini levidiyo
I-101 (ebaluleke kakhulu) i-CRI/TIC/ECP ebalulekileyo yokuhanjiswa kwelizwi
I-110 (Ulawulo lwe-Intanethi) Ulawulo lwenethiwekhi ye-Inter, esetyenziselwa ulawulo lwenethiwekhi, njengeeprothokholi zomzila
I-111 (uLawulo lweNethiwekhi) ulawulo lwenethiwekhi, olusetyenziselwa ulawulo lwenethiwekhi
DTRCO: Izinombolo ezi-5 zokugqibela
(1000) D ukulibaziseka: 0: min ukulibaziseka, 1: ukunciphisa ukulibaziseka kangangoko
(0100) T Ugqithiso: 0: Ugqithiso ophezulu (ubuninzi bemveliso), 1: Zama ukwandisa itrafikhi kangangoko
(0010) ukuthembeka kwe-R: 0: ubuninzi bokugqiba, 1: ukwandisa ukuthembeka
(0001) M iindleko zothumelo: 0: min iindleko zoMvulo (ubuncinci bendlela engaphezulu), 1: nciphisa iindleko kangangoko kunokwenzeka
(0000): eqhelekileyo (inkonzo eqhelekileyo).
(4)Ubude obupheleleyo bepakethi ye-IP: iibhithi ezili-16 ubude.Ubude bepakethi ye-IP ebalwa kwii-bytes (kubandakanywa intloko kunye nedatha), ngoko ke ubude obuninzi bepakethi ye-IP yi-65 535 bytes.Ngoko ke, ubungakanani bepakethe payload=Ubude bepakethi ye-IP iyonke - ubude besihloko se-IP.
(5)Isichongi: iibhithi ezili-16 ubude.Lo mhlaba usetyenziswa ngokudityaniswa neFlegi kunye neNqanaba eliNikezekileyo imihlaba ukwahlula iipakethi zomgangatho ophezulu.Emva kokuba i-router ihlukanise ipakethi, zonke iipakethi ezincinci ezihlulwe ziphawulwe ngexabiso elifanayo, ukwenzela ukuba isixhobo sokuya kwindawo sinokwahlula ukuba yiyiphi ipakethi yepakethi yokuhlukana.
(6)Iiflegi: iibhithi ezi-3 ubude.
Idijithi yokuqala yale ndawo ayisetyenziswanga.
Isuntswana lesibini yi-DF (Musa ukuqhekeza) bit.Xa i-bit ye-DF isethelwe kwi-1, ibonisa ukuba i-router ayikwazi ukuhlula i-packet layer packet.Ukuba ipakethe yomgangatho ophezulu ayinakuthunyelwa ngaphandle kokwahlulahlula, i-router iya kulahla ipakethi ephezulu kwaye ibuyisele umyalezo wempazamo.
Isuntswana lesithathu yi-MF (Ngakumbi amaqhekeza) bit.Xa i-router ihlula ipakethe ephezulu, ibeka i-MF bit ukuya kwi-1 kwi-header ye-IP ipakethi ngaphandle kwecandelo lokugqibela.
(7)Iqhekeza Offset: Ubude beebhithi ezili-13, zilinganiswe ngeeyunithi ze-octet ezi-8.Ibonisa indawo yepakethe ye-IP kwipakethi yecandelo, esetyenziswa ngokufumana isiphelo ukudibanisa nokubuyisela ipakethe ye-IP.
(8)Ixesha lokuPhila (TTL): Ubude ziibhithi ezisi-8, ekuqaleni ziyilwe ngemizuzwana (s), kodwa ngokwenyani zilinganiswe ngeehops.Ixabiso elimiselweyo elicetyiswayo ngu-64. Xa iipakethi ze-IP zihanjiswa, ixabiso elithile linikezelwa kuqala kule ndawo.Xa ipakethe ye-IP idlula kwi-router nganye endleleni, i-router nganye endleleni iya kunciphisa ixabiso le-TTL lepakethi ye-IP ngo-1. Ukuba i-TTL iyancitshiswa ibe yi-0, ipakethe ye-IP iya kulahlwa.Le ntsimi inokuthintela iipakethi ze-IP ukuba zigqithiswe ngokuqhubekayo kwinethiwekhi ngenxa yeendlela zokuhamba.
(9)Umgaqo-nkqubo: iibhithi ezili-16 ubude.Isetyenziselwa ukukhangela ukuchaneka kweentloko ze-IP, kodwa ayibandakanyi icandelo ledatha.Ngenxa yokuba i-router nganye idinga ukutshintsha ixabiso le-TTL, i-router iya kuphinda ibale eli xabiso kwipakethi nganye edlulayo
(10)I-Header Checksum: iibhithi ezili-16 ubude.Isetyenziselwa ukukhangela ukuchaneka kweentloko ze-IP, kodwa ayibandakanyi icandelo ledatha.Ngenxa yokuba i-router nganye idinga ukutshintsha ixabiso le-TTL, i-router iya kuphinda ibale eli xabiso kwipakethi nganye edlulayo
(11)Umthombo kunye needilesi zeNdawo: Zombini iidilesi ziyi-32 bits.Ichonga imvelaphi kunye nedilesi yendawo yokufikela yale IP pakethi.Nceda uqaphele ukuba ngaphandle kokuba i-NAT isetyenzisiwe, ezi dilesi zimbini aziyi kutshintsha kuyo yonke inkqubo yothumelo.
(12)Iinketho: Lo ngummandla wobude obuguquguqukayo.Lo mmandla ungowokuzikhethela kwaye usetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ubukhulu becala, kwaye unokuphinda ubhalwe sisixhobo sokuqala njengoko kufuneka.Izinto ozikhethayo ziquka oku kulandelayo:

•Umthombo womzila ongekhoyo: Nikela ngothotho lweedilesi ze-IP zojongano lwendlela.Iipakethi ze-IP kufuneka zihanjiswe kunye nezi dilesi ze-IP, kodwa kuvunyelwe ukutsiba iirotha ezininzi phakathi kweedilesi ezimbini ze-IP ezilandelelanayo.
•Umthombo womzila ongqongqo: Nikela ngothotho lweedilesi ze-IP zojongano lwendlela.Iipakethi ze-IP kufuneka zihanjiswe kunye nezi dilesi ze-IP, kwaye ukuba i-hop elandelayo ayikho kwitafile yedilesi ye-IP, ibonisa impazamo.
•Rekhoda indlela: Rekhoda idilesi ye-IP yojongano oluphumayo lwe-router xa ipakethi ye-IP ishiya umzila ngamnye.
•Isitampu sexesha: Rekhoda ixesha xa ipakethi ye-IP ishiya i-router nganye.
•Ukugquma: Ngenxa yokuba iyunithi yobude beheader ye IP ngamasuntswana angama-32, ubude beheader ye IP kufuneka ibe yinani eliphindwe kabini leebhithi ezingama-32.Ngoko ke, emva kokhetho olukhethiweyo, iprotocol ye-IP izakugcwalisa ooziro abaninzi ukufumana inani elipheleleyo lamabhithi angama-32.
Idatha ye-IPV4 ihlala isetyenziswa kwiinkampani zethuI-ONUizixhobo womnatha, kunye nenethiwekhi yethu enxulumene iimveliso ezithengisayo ezishushu zigubungela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeI-ONUiimveliso series, kuquka ACI-ONU/unxibelelwanoI-ONU/ekrelekreleI-ONU/ibhokisiI-ONU, njl. Oku kungasentlaI-ONUiimveliso zothotho zingasetyenziselwa iimfuno zenethiwekhi kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo.Wamkelekile wonke umntu ukuba eze kwaye abe nolwazi oluthe kratya lobugcisa bemveliso.