I-Encyclopedia ye-Optical Fiber Transmission

Izinto eziluncedo kunxibelelwano lwefiber optic:

● Amandla onxibelelwano amakhulu

● Umgama omde wokukhutshelwana

● Akukho kuphazamiseka kombane

● Ubutyebi obuninzi

● Ubunzima obulula kunye nobukhulu obuncinci

Imbali emfutshane yoNxibelelwano lwe-Optical

Ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-2000 eyadlulayo, i-beacon-lights, semaphores

1880, i-optical phone-wireless optical communication

Ngo-1970, unxibelelwano lwefiber optic

● Kwi-1966, "uYise we-Optical Fiber", uDkt. Gao Yong waqala ukuphakamisa ingcamango yokunxibelelana kwe-fiber optical.

● Ngowe-1970, uLin Yanxiong weBell Yan Institute wayeyilaser yesemiconductor enokusebenza ngokuqhubekayo kwiqondo lobushushu legumbi.

● Kwi-1970, i-Corning's Kapron yenza ilahleko ye-20dB / km fiber.

● Kwi-1977, umgca wokuqala we-Chicago wezorhwebo we-45Mb / s.

I-electromagnetic spectrum

Ulwahlulo lwebhendi yonxibelelwano kunye nosasazo oluhambelanayo losasazo

Irefraction / ukubonakalisa kunye nokubonakaliswa okupheleleyo kokukhanya

Ngenxa yokuba ukukhanya kuhamba ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kwizinto ezahlukeneyo, xa ukukhanya kukhutshwa ukusuka kwenye into ukuya kwenye, i-refraction kunye ne-refraction zenzeka kunxibelelwano phakathi kwezinto ezimbini.Ngaphezu koko, i-angle yokukhanya okuchasiweyo iyahluka kunye ne-angle yokukhanya kwesiganeko.Xa i-angle yokukhanya kwesiganeko ifikelela okanye idlula i-angle ethile, ukukhanya okuhlanjululweyo kuya kunyamalala, kwaye konke ukukhanya kwesiganeko kuya kubonakaliswa emva.Le yimbonakaliso epheleleyo yokukhanya.Iimathiriyeli ezahlukeneyo zineengile zokuphinda zenzeke zobude obufanayo bokukhanya (oko kukuthi, imathiriyeli eyohlukeneyo inezalathisi ezingafaniyo zokuphinda zikhanye), kwaye izinto ezifanayo zineengile zokuphinda zahlukane zobude obuhlukeneyo bokukhanya.Unxibelelwano lwefiber optical lusekelwe kwimigaqo engentla.

Ukuhanjiswa kwe-Reflectivity: I-parameter ebalulekileyo yokubonakalisa izinto ezibonakalayo yi-index refractive index, emelwe ngu-N. Umlinganiselo wesantya sokukhanya kwe-C kwi-vacuum ukuya kwisantya sokukhanya kwe-V kwizinto eziphathekayo yi-index ye-refractive yezinto.

N = C / V

Isalathiso se-refractive yeglasi ye-quartz yonxibelelwano lwefiber optical malunga ne-1.5.

Ulwakhiwo lweFayibha

Ifayibha engenanto ifayibha yohlulwe ngokwemigangatho emithathu:

Umaleko wokuqala: iziko eliphezulu refractive index iglasi core (core diameter jikelele 9-10μm, (imowudi enye) 50 okanye 62.5 (multimode).

Umaleko wesibini: umbindi sisalathiso esisezantsi se-silica egqunywe ngeglasi (ubukhulu buqhele ukuba yi-125μm).

Uluhlu lwesithathu: olungaphandle luyi-resin yokuqinisa ukuqinisa.

I-1) ingundoqo: isalathisi esiphezulu se-refractive, esetyenziselwa ukuhambisa ukukhanya;

I-2) I-Cladding coating: isalathisi esisezantsi se-refractive, esenza imeko yokubonakalisa iyonke kunye nengundoqo;

I-3) Ijacket yokukhusela: Inamandla amakhulu kwaye inokumelana neempembelelo ezinkulu zokukhusela i-fiber optical.

I-3mm intambo ye-optical: i-orange, i-MM, i-multi-mode;mthubi, SM, imowudi enye

Ubungakanani beFayibha

Idayamitha yangaphandle ngokuqhelekileyo yi-125um (i-avareji ye-100um ngeenwele)

I-diameter yangaphakathi: imowudi enye 9um;multimode 50 / 62.5um

Umngxuma wamanani

Akunaso sonke isiganeko sokukhanya kwisiphelo sobuso be-fiber optical sinokudluliselwa nge-fiber optical, kodwa ukukhanya kwesiganeko kuphela kuluhlu oluthile lwee-angles.Le engile ibizwa ngokuba yi-aperture yamanani yomsinga.Umngxuma wamanani omkhudlwana wefiber optical inenzuzo ekufakweni kwefiber optical.Abavelisi abohlukeneyo banemingxuma yamanani eyahlukeneyo.

Uhlobo lwefiber

Ngokwendlela yokuhambisa ukukhanya kwifiber optical, inokwahlulwa ibe:

IiModi ezininzi (isifinyezo: MM);Indlela enye (isifinyezo: SM)

Ifayibha yeMultimode: Umbindi weglasi engundoqo ujiya (50 okanye 62.5μm) kwaye inokuhambisa ukukhanya ngeendlela ezininzi.Nangona kunjalo, i-inter-mode yokusasazwa kwayo inkulu, ethintela ukuphindaphinda kokuhanjiswa kweempawu zedijithali, kwaye iya kuba mbi ngakumbi ngokunyuka komgama.Umzekelo: i-600MB / KM ifayibha ine-300MB kuphela i-bandwidth kwi-2KM.Ke ngoko, umgama wothumelo lwefayibha yeendlela ezininzi mfutshane, ngokuqhelekileyo ziikhilomitha ezimbalwa kuphela.

Ifayibha yemowudi enye: Umbindi weglasi ubhityile ngokwentelekiso (i-diameter engundoqo ngokuqhelekileyo iyi-9 okanye i-10μm), kwaye inokudlulisa ukukhanya kwimo enye kuphela.Ngapha koko, luhlobo lwe-fiber optical step-type, kodwa i-diameter engundoqo incinci kakhulu.Kwithiyori, kuphela ukukhanya okuthe ngqo kwendlela enye yokusabalalisa kuvunyelwe ukungena kwifiber kwaye isasaze ngokuthe ngqo kwi-fiber core.I-fiber pulse ayoluleki kancinci.Ke ngoko, i-inter-mode dispersion yayo incinci kwaye ifanelekile kunxibelelwano olukude, kodwa ukusasazwa kwayo kwechromatic kudlala indima enkulu.Ngale ndlela, i-fiber yemodi enye ineemfuno eziphezulu zobubanzi be-spectral kunye nokuzinza komthombo wokukhanya, oko kukuthi, ububanzi be-spectral buncinci kwaye ukuzinza kulungile..

Ukuhlelwa kweefiber zamehlo

Ngezinto:

I-Glass fiber: Ingundoqo kunye ne-cladding zenziwe ngeglasi, kunye nelahleko encinci, umgama omde wokuhanjiswa kunye neendleko eziphezulu;

I-silicon optical fiber egqunywe ngerabha: ingundoqo yiglasi kwaye i-cladding yiplastiki, eneempawu ezifanayo kwifiber yeglasi kunye neendleko eziphantsi;

Ifayibha yePlastiki yePlastiki: Zombini umbindi kunye nesigqubuthelo yiplastiki, enelahleko enkulu, umgama omfutshane wothumelo, kunye nexabiso eliphantsi.Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwizixhobo zasekhaya, iaudio, kunye nokuhanjiswa kwemifanekiso kumgama omfutshane.

Ngokweyona festile ilungileyo yosasazo: ifayibha yemowudi enye kunye ne-dispersion-shifted single-mode fiber.

Uhlobo oluqhelekileyo: Indlu yokuvelisa i-fiber optical ikhulisa i-fiber optical transmission frequency frequency kwi-wavelength eyodwa yokukhanya, njenge-1300nm.

Uhlobo lwe-Dispersion-shifted: Umvelisi we-fiber optics ulungiselela i-fiber transmission frequency frequency kwi-wavelengths ezimbini zokukhanya, ezifana ne: 1300nm kunye ne-1550nm.

Utshintsho olukhawulezileyo: Isalathiso esihlaziyiweyo se-fiber core ukuya kwiglasi yokugquma ngequbuliso.Ineendleko eziphantsi kunye nokusasazwa kweemowudi eziphezulu.Ifanelekile kunxibelelwano olufutshane olunesantya esiphantsi, njengolawulo lwamashishini.Nangona kunjalo, i-fiber yemowudi enye isebenzisa uhlobo lokuguqula ngenxa ye-inter-mode encinci yokusasazwa.

I-fiber ye-Gradient: isalathisi se-refractive ye-fiber core kwi-glass cladding iyancipha ngokuthe ngcembe, ivumela ukukhanya kwe-high-mode ukuba isasazeke kwifom ye-sinusoidal, enokunciphisa ukusasazeka phakathi kweendlela, ukwandisa i-fiber bandwidth, kunye nokwandisa umgama wokuhambisa, kodwa iindleko Ifayibha yeMowudi ephezulu kakhulu ifayibha ehleliweyo.

Iimpawu zefiber eziqhelekileyo

Ubungakanani beFayibha:

1) Imowudi enye engundoqo ubukhulu: 9 / 125μm, 10/125μm

2) Idayamitha yokugquma yangaphandle (2D) = 125μm

3) Idayamitha yokwaleka yangaphandle = 250μm

4) I-Pigtail: 300μm

5) I-Multimode: 50 / 125μm, umgangatho waseYurophu;62.5 / 125μm, umgangatho waseMelika

6) Uthungelwano lwemizi-mveliso, lwezonyango kunye nesantya esiphantsi: 100/140μm, 200/230μm

7) Iplastiki: 98 / 1000μm, esetyenziselwa ulawulo lwemoto

Ukunciphisa iFayibha

Izinto eziphambili ezibangela ukuthotywa kwefayibha zezi: ngaphakathi, ukugoba, ukucudisa, ukungcola, ukungalingani kunye ne-butt.

I-Intrinsic: Yilahleko engokwemvelo ye-fiber optical, kubandakanywa: ukusasazeka kweRayleigh, ukufunxa kwangaphakathi, njl.

Ukugoba: Xa i-fiber igobile, ukukhanya kwinxalenye yefiber kuya kulahleka ngenxa yokusabalalisa, okubangela ilahleko.

Ukucudisa: Ilahleko ebangelwa kukugotywa kancinane kwefiber xa icudiswa.

Ukungcola: Ukungcola kwi-fiber optical ifunxa kwaye isasaze ukukhanya okuhanjiswa kwifiber, kubangela ilahleko.

I-Non-uniform: Ilahleko ebangelwa yi-refractive index engalinganiyo yezinto zefiber.

I-Docking: Ilahleko eveliswa ngexesha lokufakwa kwefayibha, njenge: ii-axes ezahlukeneyo (imfuno ye-fiber coaxiality yendlela enye ingaphantsi kwe-0.8μm), isiphelo sobuso abukho kwi-axis, isiphelo sobuso asilingani, i-butt core diameter ayihambelani, kwaye umgangatho wokudibanisa umbi.

Uhlobo lwentambo yokukhanya

1) Ngokweendlela zokubeka: iintambo zokukhanya ezizixhasayo, iintambo zokukhanya kombhobho, iintambo zokukhanya ezixhobileyo kunye neentambo zamehlo ezikwi-submarine.

I-2) Ngokwesakhiwo sentambo ye-optical, kukho: i-tube optical cable, i-layer twisted optical cable, i-tight-hold optical cable, i-ribbon optical cable, i-non-metal optical cable kunye ne-branchable optical cable.

I-3) Ngokwenjongo: iintambo ze-optical zonxibelelwano olude, iintambo zangaphandle zangaphandle zomgama omfutshane, iintambo ze-hybrid optical, kunye neentambo ze-optical zezakhiwo.

Ukudibanisa kunye nokupheliswa kweentambo ze-optical

Ukudityaniswa kunye nokupheliswa kweentambo ze-optical zizakhono ezisisiseko ekufuneka abasebenzi bokugcinwa kwentambo yokukhanya bazilawule.

Ulwahlulo lwetekhnoloji yoqhagamshelwano lwefiber optical:

I-1) I-teknoloji yokudibanisa i-fiber optical kunye ne-teknoloji yokudibanisa i-cable optical yinxalenye ezimbini.

2) Ukuphela kwentambo ye-optical kufana nokudityaniswa kwentambo ye-optical, ngaphandle kokuba ukusebenza kufuneka kuhluke ngenxa yezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zokudibanisa.

Uhlobo loqhagamshelwano lwefiber

Uqhagamshelo lweFiber optic cable ngokubanzi lunokwahlulwa lube ziindidi ezimbini:

I-1) Uxhulumaniso olusisigxina lwefiber optical (eyaziwa ngokuba ngumdibanisi ofileyo).Ngokuqhelekileyo sebenzisa i-optical fiber fusion splicer;isetyenziselwa intloko ethe ngqo yentambo yokukhanya.

2) Isidibanisi esisebenzayo se-fiber optical (eyaziwa ngokuba yi-live connector).Sebenzisa izihlanganisi ezikhutshwayo (ezaziwa ngokuba zizihlanganisi ezikhululekileyo).Kwi-fiber jumper, uxhumano lwezixhobo, njl.

Ngenxa yokungaphelelanga kobuso bokuphela kwefiber optical kunye nokungafaniyo koxinzelelo kwisiphelo sobuso befiber optical, ukulahleka kwe-splice ye-fiber optical ngokukhutshwa okukodwa kusekukhulu, kwaye indlela yokudityaniswa kwesibini. iyasetyenziswa ngoku.Okokuqala, tshisa kwaye ukhuphe ubuso bokugqibela befiber, umise ubuso bokugqibela, ususe uthuli kunye ne-debris, kwaye wenze uxinzelelo lokugqibela lwe-fiber uniform ngokushisa kwangaphambili.

Indlela yokubeka iliso yokulahleka koxhulumaniso lwefiber optical

Kukho iindlela ezintathu zokujonga ilahleko yonxibelelwano lwefayibha:

1. Beka iliso kwi-splicer.

2. Ukubeka iliso komthombo wokukhanya kunye nemitha yamandla optical.

3.OTDR indlela yokulinganisa

Indlela yokusebenza yoqhagamshelwano lwefiber optical

Imisebenzi yoqhagamshelo lwefiber ye-Optical yahlulwe ngokubanzi ibe:

1. Ukuphatha ubuso bokuphela kwefiber.

2. Ufakelo lokudityaniswa kwefiber optical.

3. Ukutyunjwa kwefiber optical.

4. Ukukhuselwa kwezixhumi zefiber optical.

5. Kukho amanyathelo amahlanu etreyi yefiber eseleyo.

Ngokubanzi, ukudityaniswa kwayo yonke intambo ye-optical yenziwa ngokwala manyathelo alandelayo:

Inyathelo1: ubude obuninzi obuhle, vula kwaye ukhulule intambo ye-optical, susa i-cable sheath

Inyathelo lesi-2: Coca kwaye ususe intlama yokuzalisa i-petroleum kwintambo yokukhanya.

Inyathelo lesi-3: Hlanganisa ifayibha.

Inyathelo lesi-4: Jonga inani lefiber cores, yenza ukubhanqa ifayibha, kwaye ujonge ukuba iilebhile zombala wefiber zichanekile.

Inyathelo lesi-5: Yomeleza uxhulumaniso lwentliziyo;

Inyathelo lesi-6: Iimbini zemigca ezincedisayo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa izibini zemigca yoshishino, izibini zemigca yolawulo, imigca esezantsi ekhuselweyo, njl.njl.

Inyathelo lesi-7: Dibanisa ifayibha.

Inyathelo lesi-8: Khusela umdibaniso wefiber optical;

Inyathelo le-9: ukugcinwa kwe-inventri yefiber eseleyo;

Inyathelo le-10: Gqibezela uqhagamshelo lwejacket ye-optical cable;

Inyathelo le-11: Ukukhuselwa kwezihlanganisi zefiber optic

Ukulahleka kweFayibha

1310 nm: 0.35 ~ 0.5 dB / Km

1550 nm: 0.2 ~ 0.3dB / Km

850 nm: 2.3 ukuya 3.4 dB / Km

Ilahleko ye-fiber fusion point point: 0.08dB / point

I-Fiber splicing point 1 point / 2km

Izibizo zefiber eziqhelekileyo

1) Ukunciphisa

I-Attenuation: ukulahlekelwa kwamandla xa ukukhanya kuhanjiswa kwi-fiber optical, i-fiber ye-mode eyodwa 1310nm 0.4 ~ 0.6dB / km, 1550nm 0.2 ~ 0.3dB / km;iplastiki multimode ifayibha 300dB / km

2) Ukusasazwa

Ukusasazwa: I-bandwidth ye-pulses yokukhanya yongezwa emva kokuhamba umgama othile ecaleni kwefayibha.Yeyona nto iphambili ethintela izinga losulelo.

I-Inter-mode dispersion: Kwenzeka kuphela kwiintsinga zemultimode, kuba iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokukhanya zihamba ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.

I-Material dispersion: Ubude bamaza ahlukeneyo bokukhanya buhamba ngezantya ezahlukeneyo.

Ukusasazwa kweWaveguide: Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba amandla okukhanya ahamba ngesantya esahlukileyo kancinci njengoko ehamba embindini kunye nokugquma.Kwi-fiber yemowudi enye, kubaluleke kakhulu ukutshintsha ukusasazeka kwefiber ngokuguqula isakhiwo sangaphakathi sefiber.

Uhlobo lweFayibha

I-G.652 indawo yokuchithachitheka enguziro ijikeleze i-1300nm

I-G.653 indawo ye-zero ye-dispersion ijikeleze i-1550nm

G.654 i-negative dispersion fiber

I-G.655 i-dispersion-shifted fiber

Ifayibha yamaza ngokupheleleyo

3) ukusasaza

Ngenxa yesakhiwo esisisiseko esingafezekanga sokukhanya, ukulahlekelwa kwamandla okukhanya kubangelwa, kwaye ukuhanjiswa kokukhanya ngeli xesha akusekho ukuqondisa okulungileyo.

Ulwazi olusisiseko lwe-fiber optic system

Intshayelelo kuyilo kunye nemisebenzi yenkqubo yefiber optic esisiseko:

1. Iyunithi yokuthumela: iguqula imiqondiso yombane ibe yimiqondiso ye-optical;

2. Iyunithi yothumelo: indawo ephakathi ephethe imiqondiso yamehlo;

3. Iyunithi yokufumana: ifumana imiqondiso ye-optical kwaye iguqule ibe yimiqondiso yombane;

4. Qhagamshela isixhobo: qhagamshela i-fiber optical kumthombo wokukhanya, ukufumanisa ukukhanya kunye nezinye iifiber optical.

Iindidi zokudibanisa eziqhelekileyo

Uhlobo lobuso beSidibanisi

Umlingane

Umsebenzi ophambili kukusasaza imiqondiso ye-optical.Usetyenziso olubalulekileyo lukuthungelwano lwefiber optical, ngakumbi kuthungelwano lwendawo yasekhaya kunye nezixhobo zokuphinda-phinda zezahlulo zamaza.

isakhiwo esisisiseko

I-coupler sisixhobo sokwenziwa esiphindwe kabini.Iifom ezisisiseko ngumthi kunye neenkwenkwezi.I-coupler ihambelana ne-splitter.

WDM

WDM-I-Wavelength Division Multiplexer ihambisa imiqondiso emininzi ye-optical fiber enye.Le miqondiso ye-optical ine-frequencies eyahlukeneyo kunye nemibala eyahlukeneyo.I-multiplexer ye-WDM kukudibanisa iimpawu ezininzi ze-optical kwi-fiber optical efanayo;i-multiplexing multiplexer kukwahlula imiqondiso emininzi ye-optical kwifiber enye.

ICandelo leWavelength Multiplexer (Legend)

Inkcazo yee-pulses kwiinkqubo zedijithali:

1. I-Amplitude: Ukuphakama kwe-pulse kubonisa amandla ombane obonakalayo kwi-fiber optic system.

2. Ixesha lokunyuka: ixesha elifunekayo ukuze i-pulse inyuke ukusuka kwi-10% ukuya kwi-90% ye-amplitude ephezulu.

3. Ixesha lokuwa: ixesha elifunekayo ukuze i-pulse iwele ukusuka kwi-90% ukuya kwi-10% ye-amplitude.

4. Ububanzi be-Pulse: Ububanzi be-pulse kwindawo ye-50% ye-amplitude, echazwe ngexesha.

5. Umjikelo: ixesha elithile le-pulse lixesha lokusebenza elifunekayo ukugqiba umjikelo.

6. I-Extinction ratio: Umlinganiselo we-1 umqondiso wamandla okukhanya ukuya ku-0 umqondiso wamandla okukhanya.

Inkcazo yeeyunithi eziqhelekileyo kunxibelelwano lwefiber optical:

1.dB = 10 log10 (Pout / Pin)

Pout: amandla emveliso;Iphini: amandla okufaka

2. dBm = 10 log10 (P / 1mw), eyona yunithi esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kubunjineli bonxibelelwano;ngokuqhelekileyo imele amandla okukhanya nge-1 milliwatt njengereferensi;

umzekelo:-I-10dBm ithetha ukuba amandla okukhanya alingana no-100uw.

3.dBu = 10 log10 (P / 1uw)