"Network" yakhala "chofunikira" kwa anthu ambiri amasiku ano.
Chifukwa chake nthawi yabwino yotereyi ikhoza kubwera, "ukadaulo wolumikizirana ndi fiber-optic" unganenedwe kukhala wofunikira.
Mu 1966, manyuchi a ku Britain aku China adapereka lingaliro la ulusi wa kuwala, womwe unayatsa pachimake pakupanga kulumikizana kwa kuwala padziko lonse lapansi. machitidwe oyankhulana pogwiritsa ntchito fiber multimode m'masiku oyambirira adayambitsidwa mwamsanga kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980. Pofika m'chaka cha 1990, dongosolo lachitatu la optical wave lomwe likugwira ntchito pa 2.4 Gb / s ndi 1.55 μm linatha kupereka ntchito zoyankhulana zamalonda.
"Atate wa CHIKWANGWANI" manyuchi, yemwe adathandizira kwambiri "kutumiza kuwala mu fiber kwa optical communication," adalandira Mphotho ya Nobel mu Physics ya 2009.
Kuyankhulana kwa ma fiber opangidwa ndi kuwala tsopano kwakhala imodzi mwazambiri zoyankhulirana zamakono, zomwe zimagwira ntchito yofunikira kwambiri pamayendedwe amakono olumikizirana matelefoni.Imawonedwanso ngati chizindikiro chofunikira cha kusintha kwatsopano kwaukadaulo wapadziko lonse lapansi komanso njira zazikulu zopatsira chidziwitso m'gulu lazidziwitso zamtsogolo.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, msika wogwiritsa ntchito deta yayikulu, cloud computing, 5G, Internet of Things ndi luntha lochita kupanga lakula mofulumira.Msika wogwiritsa ntchito wosagwiritsidwa ntchito womwe ukubwera ukubweretsa kukula kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwa ma data.Kulumikizana kwa data center kwasintha pang'onopang'ono kukhala kafukufuku wolumikizana ndi kuwala.malo otentha.
Mkati mwa Google data center
Malo osungirako zamakono salinso chipinda chimodzi kapena zingapo zamakompyuta, koma gulu la data center clusters.Kuti akwaniritse ntchito yachizolowezi ya mautumiki osiyanasiyana a intaneti ndi misika yogwiritsira ntchito, malo opangira deta ayenera kugwirira ntchito limodzi.Nthawi yeniyeni. ndi kuyanjana kwakukulu kwa chidziwitso pakati pa malo opangira deta kwapangitsa kuti pakhale kufunikira kwa ma data center interconnection network, ndipo optical fiber communication yakhala njira yofunikira kuti tipeze mgwirizano.
Mosiyana ndi zida zamakono zotumizira mauthenga a telecom, kulumikizana pakati pa data kumafunika kukwaniritsa zambiri komanso kufalitsa kochuluka kwambiri, zomwe zimafuna kusintha zipangizo kuti zikhale ndi liwiro lapamwamba, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa, komanso miniaturization. zomwe zakwaniritsidwa ndi gawo la optical transceiver.
Zambiri zoyambira za ma module optical transceiver
Maukonde azidziwitso makamaka amagwiritsa ntchito ulusi wa kuwala ngati njira yotumizira, koma kuwerengera ndi kusanthula kwapano kuyeneranso kukhazikitsidwa ndi ma siginecha amagetsi, ndipo gawo la transceiver optical ndiye chida chachikulu pakuzindikira kutembenuka kwazithunzi.
Zigawo zazikulu za module ya optical ndi Transimitter (Light Emitting Submodule) / Receiver (Light Receiving Submodule) kapena Transceiver (Optical Transceiver Module), chip magetsi, komanso imaphatikizapo zinthu zopanda pake monga ma lens, splitters, ndi zophatikizira.Zozungulira dera zikuchokera.
Pamapeto otumizira: chizindikiro chamagetsi chimasinthidwa kukhala chizindikiro cha kuwala ndi Transimitter, ndiyeno kulowetsa ku fiber optical ndi adaputala ya kuwala; Pamapeto olandira: chizindikiro cha kuwala mu fiber kuwala chimalandiridwa ndi Wolandira kudzera mu adaputala ya kuwala. ndi kusinthidwa kukhala chizindikiro chamagetsi ndikutumizidwa kugawo la computing kuti likakonzedwe.
Optical transceiver module schematic
Ndi chitukuko cha luso la optoelectronic integration, mawonekedwe a phukusi la optical transceiver module adasinthanso.Makampani opanga ma module a Optical asanapangidwe, adapangidwa ndi opanga zida zazikulu za telecom m'masiku oyambilira.Mawonekedwe ake anali osiyanasiyana ndipo sakanakhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito konsekonse.Izi zinapangitsa kuti ma modules optical transceiver asasinthe.Ndi muyezo wa MSA, makampani omwe adangoyang'ana pawokha pakupanga Transceiver adayamba kuwonekera, ndipo makampani adakula.
Gawo la transceiver la kuwala likhoza kugawidwa mu SFP, XFP, QSFP, CFP, ndi zina zotero malinga ndi phukusi:
· SFP (Small Form-Factor Pluggable) ndi compact, pluggable transceiver module standard for telecom and datacom applications that support up to 10Gbps transfer rates.
XFP (10 Gigabit Small Form Factor Pluggable) ndi gawo laling'ono la 10G la mawonekedwe a pluggable transceiver omwe amathandiza njira zambiri zoyankhulirana monga 10G Ethernet, 10G Fiber Channel, ndi ma transceivers a SONETOC-192.XFP angagwiritsidwe ntchito poyankhulana ndi data. misika yamatelefoni ndikupereka mawonekedwe abwino ogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu kuposa ma transceivers ena a 10Gbps.
QSFP (Quad Small Form-Factor Pluggable) ndi mulingo wophatikizika, wolumikizidwa ndi ma transceiver othamanga kwambiri.Malingana ndi liwiro, QSFP ikhoza kugawidwa mu 4 × 1G QSFP, 4 × 10GQSFP +, 4 × 25G QSFP28 optical modules.Pakadali pano QSFP28 yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'malo opangira data padziko lonse lapansi.
· CFP (Centum gigabits Form Pluggable) imachokera ku gawo lokhazikika la wandiweyani optical splitting kulumikizana ndi kufalikira kwa 100-400 Gbps.Kukula kwa gawo la CFP ndi lalikulu kuposa la SFP / XFP / QSFP, ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kufalitsa mtunda wautali monga maukonde a m'dera la Metropolitan.
Optical transceiver module yolumikizirana pakati pa data
Kulumikizana pakati pa data kumatha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu malinga ndi mtundu wa kulumikizana:
(1) Deta ya data kwa wogwiritsa ntchito imapangidwa ndi khalidwe la wogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto monga kusakatula tsamba lawebusayiti, kutumiza ndi kulandira maimelo ndi mitsinje yamavidiyo pofikira pamtambo;
(2) Kulumikizana kwapakati pa data, komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pobwereza deta, kukonzanso mapulogalamu ndi makina;
(3) Mkati mwa data center, imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka posungira zidziwitso, kupanga ndi migodi.Malinga ndi zomwe Cisco adaneneratu, malo ochezera amkati amkati amawerengera zoposa 70% ya kulumikizana pakati pa data, ndipo chitukuko cha zomangamanga za data chadzetsa chitukuko cha ma module othamanga kwambiri.
Kuchulukirachulukira kwa data kukukulirakulira, ndipo mayendedwe akulu komanso osalala a malo opangira ma data akuyendetsa chitukuko cha ma module owoneka munjira ziwiri:
· Kuchulukitsa kofunikira pakufalitsa
· Kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa kufunikira
Pakalipano, zofunikira za global data center optical modules zasintha kuchokera ku 10 / 40G optical modules kupita ku 100G optical modules.China's Alibaba Cloud Promotion idzakhala chaka choyamba chakugwiritsa ntchito kwakukulu kwa 100G optical modules mu 2018. Akuyembekezeka kukweza 400G Optical modules mu 2019.
Ali cloud module evolution njira
Mchitidwe wa malo akuluakulu a data wapangitsa kuti pakhale kufunikira kwa mtunda wotumizira.Kutalikirana kwa ma multimode fibers kumachepetsedwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa chizindikiro ndipo akuyembekezeredwa kuti pang'onopang'ono alowe m'malo mwa ulusi wamtundu umodzi. Mtengo wa fiber link umapangidwa ndi magawo awiri: optical module ndi optical fiber.Pa mtunda wosiyanasiyana, pali njira zosiyanasiyana zoyankhira.Pa kulumikizana kwa mtunda wapakatikati kapena kwautali wofunikira pakuyankhulirana pakati pa data, pali njira ziwiri zosinthira zobadwa kuchokera ku MSA:
PSM4 (Parallel Single Mode 4 minjira)
CWDM4 (Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexer 4 misewu)
Pakati pawo, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa fiber PSM4 kumakhala kanayi kuposa CWDM4.Pamene mtunda wolumikizana ndi wautali, mtengo wa CWDM4 ndi wotsika kwambiri.Kuchokera patebulo pansipa, titha kuwona kufananitsa kwa data center 100G optical module solutions:
Masiku ano, teknoloji yogwiritsira ntchito 400G optical modules yakhala cholinga cha makampani.Ntchito yaikulu ya 400G optical module ndiyo kupititsa patsogolo kupititsa patsogolo deta ndi kupititsa patsogolo bandwidth ndi doko la deta. kupindula, phokoso lochepa, miniaturization ndi kuphatikiza, kukwaniritsa zosowa za ma intaneti opanda zingwe a m'badwo wotsatira ndi mapulogalamu apamwamba kwambiri a data center center.
Mawonekedwe oyambirira a 400G optical module adagwiritsa ntchito 16-channel 25G NRZ (Non-Returnto Zero) njira yosinthira chizindikiro mu phukusi la CFP8. Ubwino wake ndi wakuti teknoloji ya 25G NRZ yosinthira chizindikiro inakula pa 100G optical module ikhoza kubwerekedwa, koma chosowa chiri. kuti zizindikiro za 16 ziyenera kutumizidwa mofanana, ndipo mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ndi voliyumu ndi yaikulu kwambiri, yomwe siili yoyenera ku mapulogalamu a data center. Amplitude Modulation) kusintha kwa siginecha kumagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kuzindikira kufalikira kwa 400G.
Pogwiritsa ntchito ma modules, OSFP kapena QSFP-DD imagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo mapepala onsewa angapereke mawonekedwe a magetsi a 8. Poyerekeza, phukusi la QSFP-DD ndi laling'ono kukula kwake komanso loyenera kwambiri pa ntchito za data center;phukusi la OSFP ndilokulirapo pang'ono ndipo limagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri, ndikupangitsa kuti likhale loyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ma telecom.
Unikani mphamvu ya "core" ya 100G/400G ma module opangira
Tafotokoza mwachidule kukhazikitsa ma module a 100G ndi 400G.Zotsatirazi zitha kuwoneka pazithunzi za 100G CWDM4 yankho, yankho la 400G CWDM8 ndi yankho la 400G CWDM4:
100G CWDM4 ndondomeko
400G CWDM8 ndondomeko
400G CWDM4 ndondomeko
Mu gawo la kuwala, chinsinsi chozindikiritsa kutembenuka kwa chizindikiro cha photoelectric ndi photodetector.Kuti pamapeto pake mukwaniritse mapulani awa, ndi zosowa zanji zomwe muyenera kuzikwaniritsa kuchokera ku "core"?
Yankho la 100G CWDM4 limafuna kukhazikitsidwa kwa 4λx25GbE, yankho la 400G CWDM8 limafuna kukhazikitsidwa kwa 8λx50GbE, ndipo yankho la 400G CWDM4 limafuna kukhazikitsidwa kwa 4λx100GbE. Mogwirizana ndi njira yosinthira, 100G CWDM8 imagwirizana ndi ndondomeko ya CWDM4 ndi NZ8du molemekeza ndondomeko ya CWDM4 ndi 400 Zida za 25Gbd ndi 53Gbd. Pulogalamu ya 400G CWDM4 imagwiritsa ntchito PAM4 modulation scheme, yomwe imafunanso kuti chipangizochi chikhale ndi chiwerengero cha 53Gbd kapena kuposa.
Kusinthasintha kwa chipangizocho kumagwirizana ndi bandwidth ya chipangizo.Kwa 1310nm band 100G Optical module, bandwidth 25GHz InGaAs detector kapena detector array ndi yokwanira.