"Inethiwekhi" isiphenduke "isidingo" kubantu abaningi besikhathi samanje.
Isizathu sokuthi kungani kufika inkathi yenethiwekhi elula kangaka, “ubuchwepheshe bokuxhumana be-fiber-optic” bungashiwo bubaluleke kakhulu.
Ngo-1966, amabele aseShayina aseBrithani ahlongoze umqondo we-fiber optical, owathungela umvuthwandaba wokuthuthukiswa kokuxhumana kwe-fiber optical emhlabeni jikelele.Isizukulwane sokuqala sezinhlelo zamagagasi e-lightwave ezisebenza ku-0.8 μm ngo-1978 zafakwa ngokusemthethweni ekusetshenzisweni kwezentengiselwano, futhi isizukulwane sesibili se-lightwave. izinhlelo zokuxhumana ezisebenzisa i-multimode fiber ezinsukwini zakuqala zaqalwa ngokushesha ekuqaleni kwawo-1980. Ngo-1990, uhlelo lwesizukulwane sesithathu lwe-optical wave olusebenza ku-2.4 Gb / s kanye ne-1.55 μm lukwazi ukuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokuxhumana zezohwebo.
“Ubaba wefayibha” amabele, owaba neqhaza elikhulu “ekudlulisweni kokukhanya ku-fiber ekuxhumaneni okubonakalayo,” waklonyeliswa ngomklomelo kaNobel we-2009 we-Physics.
Ukuxhumana nge-Optical fibre manje sekungenye yezinsika eziyinhloko zokuxhumana zesimanje, okudlala indima ebalulekile kumanethiwekhi esimanje ezokuxhumana.Kubuye kubonakale njengophawu olubalulekile lwenguquko entsha yezobuchwepheshe emhlabeni kanye nezindlela eziyinhloko zokudlulisa ulwazi emphakathini wolwazi wesikhathi esizayo.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, imakethe yesicelo yedatha enkulu, i-cloud computing, i-5G, i-inthanethi Yezinto kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa ithuthuke ngokushesha.Imakethe yezicelo ezingenamuntu ezayo iletha ukukhula okukhulu kwethrafikhi yedatha.Ukuxhumana kwesikhungo sedatha kuye kwathuthuka kancane kancane kwaba ucwaningo lokuxhumana okubonakalayo.indawo eshisayo.
Ngaphakathi kwesikhungo sedatha esikhulu se-Google
Isikhungo sedatha samanje asiselona nje igumbi lekhompiyutha elilodwa noma ambalwa, kodwa isethi yamaqoqo esikhungo sedatha.Ukuze kuzuzwe umsebenzi ojwayelekile wezinsizakalo ezihlukahlukene ze-inthanethi nezimakethe zohlelo lokusebenza, izikhungo zedatha zidinga ukusebenzisana.Isikhathi sangempela kanye nokusebenzisana okukhulu kolwazi phakathi kwezikhungo zedatha kudale isidingo samanethiwekhi okuxhumana esikhungo sedatha, futhi ukuxhumana kwe-fiber optical sekuyindlela edingekayo yokufinyelela ukuxhumana.
Ngokungafani nemishini evamile yokudlulisa inethiwekhi yokufinyelela kumakhalekhukhwini, ukuxhunywa kwesikhungo sedatha kudinga ukuzuza ulwazi olwengeziwe kanye nokudluliselwa okuminyene okwengeziwe, okudinga ukushintshwa kwezinto zokusebenza ukuze zibe nesivinini esiphezulu, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi, kanye nokwenza kancane kancane. okuzuziwe yimojula ye-optical transceiver.
Ulwazi oluthile oluyisisekelo mayelana namamojula we-optical transceiver
Inethiwekhi yolwazi ikakhulukazi isebenzisa i-optical fiber njengendlela yokudlulisela, kodwa ukubala kwamanje nokuhlaziya kufanele futhi kusekelwe kumasignali kagesi, futhi imojula ye-optical transceiver iyithuluzi eliyinhloko lokubona ukuguqulwa kwe-photoelectric.
Izingxenye eziyinhloko zemojula yokubona i-Transimitter (I-Submodule Emitting Light)/Receiver (I-Light Receiving Submodule) noma i-Transceiver (Optical Transceiver Module), i-chip kagesi, futhi ihlanganisa izingxenye zokungenzi lutho njengamalensi, izihlukanisi, nezihlanganisi.Ukwakheka kwesekethe ye-peripheral.
Ekupheleni kokudlulisela: isignali kagesi iguqulwa ibe isignali yokubona ngeTransimitter, bese ifaka ku-fiber optical nge-adaptha yokubona;Ekugcineni kokwamukela: isignali yokubona ku-fiber optical itholwa nguMamukeli nge-adaptha yokubona. futhi yaguqulwa yaba isignali kagesi futhi yathunyelwa kuyunithi yekhompuyutha ukuze icutshungulwe.
I-Optical transceiver module schematic
Ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokuhlanganiswa kwe-optoelectronic, ifomu lokupakisha lemodyuli ye-optical transceiver nayo iye yaba nezinguquko ezithile.Ngaphambi kokuthi imboni ye-optical module yakhiwe, yathuthukiswa abakhiqizi abakhulu bemishini ye-telecom ezinsukwini zokuqala.Izixhumi ezibonakalayo bezihlukene futhi zingakwazi ukusetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke.Lokhu kwenze ukuthi amamojula e-optical transceiver angashintshisane.Ngokuthuthukiswa kwemboni, kube khona "Isivumelwano Sokutholwa Okuningi (MSA)" sokugcina.Ngezinga le-MSA, izinkampani ezigxile ekuthuthukiseni i-Transceiver zaqala ukuvela, futhi imboni yaphakama.
Imojula ye-transceiver ebonakalayo ingahlukaniswa nge-SFP, XFP, QSFP, CFP, njll. ngokuya ngefomu lephakheji:
· I-SFP (I-Small Form-factor Pluggable) iyimojuli yemojula ye-transceiver ehlangene, exhumekeka kalula yezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-telecom ne-datacom esekela amazinga okudlulisa afika ku-10Gbps.
I-XFP (10 Gigabit Small Form Factor Pluggable) iyimojula ye-10G yezinga elincane lefomu le-pluggable transceiver elisekela izivumelwano zokuxhumana eziningi ezifana ne-10G Ethernet, i-10G Fiber Channel, nama-transceivers e-SONETOC-192.XFP angasetshenziswa ekuxhumaneni nokwaziswa izimakethe zokuxhumana futhi zinikeza izici ezingcono zokusebenzisa amandla kunamanye ama-transceivers angu-10Gbps.
I-QSFP (I-Quad Small Form-factor Pluggable) iyindinganiso ye-transceiver ehlangene, exhunywayo yezinhlelo zokusebenza zokuxhumana zedatha enesivinini esikhulu.Ngokusho kwejubane, i-QSFP ingahlukaniswa nge-4 × 1G QSFP, 4 × 10GQSFP +, 4 × 25G QSFP28 amamojula optical.Njengamanje i-QSFP28 isetshenziswe kabanzi ezikhungweni zedatha zomhlaba wonke.
· I-CFP (I-Centum gigabits Form Pluggable) isekelwe kumojula yokuxhumana ehlukanisiwe yamagagasi aminyene enesilinganiso sokudlulisela esingu-100-400 Gbps.Usayizi wemojula ye-CFP mkhulu kunalowo we-SFP/XFP/QSFP, futhi ngokuvamile usetshenziselwa ukudlulisa amabanga amade njengenethiwekhi yendawo yedolobha elikhulu.
Imojula ye-Optical transceiver yokuxhumana kwesikhungo sedatha
Ukuxhumana kwesikhungo sedatha kungahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu ngokuya ngohlobo lokuxhuma:
(1) Isikhungo sedatha kumsebenzisi senziwa ukuziphatha komsebenzisi wokugcina njengokuphequlula ikhasi lewebhu, ukuthumela nokwamukela ama-imeyili nokusakazwa kwevidiyo ngokufinyelela ifu;
(2) Ukuxhumana kwesikhungo sedatha, okusetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukuphindaphinda idatha, ukuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe kanye nesistimu;
(3) Ngaphakathi kwesikhungo sedatha, ngokuyinhloko isetshenziselwa ukugcinwa kolwazi, ukukhiqiza kanye nezimayini.Ngokusho kwesibikezelo se-Cisco, ukuxhumana kwangaphakathi kwesikhungo sedatha kufinyelela ngaphezu kwe-70% yokuxhumana kwesikhungo sedatha, futhi ukuthuthukiswa kokwakhiwa kwesikhungo sedatha kuye kwabangela ukuthuthukiswa kwamamojula we-optical speed.
Ithrafikhi yedatha iyaqhubeka nokukhula, futhi inkambiso yesikhungo sedatha yezinga elikhulu kanye nephansi ishayela ukuthuthukiswa kwamamojula abonakalayo ezicini ezimbili:
· Izinga lokudlulisela phambili izidingo
· Ukwenyuka kokufunwa kwenani
Njengamanje, izimfuneko zamamojula optical wesikhungo sedatha yomhlaba wonke zishintshile ukusuka kumamojula we-10/40G optical ukuya kumamojula we-100G. Amamojula we-400G optical ngo-2019.
Indlela ye-Ali cloud module yokuziphendukela kwemvelo
Ukuthambekela kwezikhungo zedatha ezinkulu kuholele ekwenyukeni kwezidingo zebanga lokudlulisela.Ibanga lokudlulisa izintambo ze-multimode lilinganiselwe ngokunyuka kwezinga lesignali futhi kulindeleke ukuthi kancane kancane lithathelwe indawo imicu yemodi eyodwa.Izindleko zesixhumanisi se-fiber zakhiwe izingxenye ezimbili: i-module optical kanye ne-fiber optical.Kumabanga ahlukene, kunezixazululo ezisebenzayo ezihlukene.Ngoxhumano lwebanga eliphakathi nelide elidingekayo ekuxhumaneni kwesikhungo sedatha, kunezixazululo ezimbili eziguquguqukayo ezizalwa yi-MSA:
· PSM4 (Parallel Single Mode 4 imizila)
· CWDM4 (Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexer 4 imizila)
Phakathi kwazo, ukusetshenziswa kwefayibha ye-PSM4 kuphindwe kane kune-CWDM4.Uma ibanga lokuxhumanisa lilide, izindleko zesisombululo se-CWDM4 ziphansi kakhulu.Kusuka kuthebula elingezansi, singabona ukuqhathaniswa kwezixazululo zemojula ye-100G yedatha yesikhungo sedatha:
Namuhla, ubuchwepheshe bokuqaliswa kwamamojula we-400G optical sebugxile embonini.Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-400G optical module ukuthuthukisa ukudluliswa kwedatha nokwandisa umkhawulokudonsa kanye ne-port density yesikhungo sedatha.Umkhuba wayo wesikhathi esizayo ukufeza ububanzi. inzuzo, umsindo ophansi, ukwenziwa kancane kanye nokuhlanganiswa, ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zamanethiwekhi angenantambo esizukulwane esilandelayo kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zokuxhumana zesikhungo sedatha esikhulu kakhulu.
I-module yokuqala ye-400G ye-optical module isebenzisa i-16-channel 25G NRZ (Non-Returnto Zero) indlela yokushintsha isignali kuphakheji ye-CFP8. Inzuzo ukuthi ubuchwepheshe be-modulation yesignali ye-25G NRZ buvuthwe ku-module ye-100G optical ingaboleka, kodwa ukukhubazeka ukuthi izimpawu ze-16 zidinga ukudluliselwa ngokuhambisana, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nevolumu kukhulu ngokuqhathaniswa, okungafaneleki izicelo zesikhungo sedatha.Kumodule yamanje ye-400G optical, 8-channel 53G NRZ noma 4-channel 106G PAM4 (4 Pulse I-Amplitude Modulation) ukuguqulwa kwesignali kusetshenziswa kakhulu ukubona ukudluliswa kwesignali ye-400G.
Ngokuphathelene nokupakishwa kwe-module, i-OSFP noma i-QSFP-DD isetshenziswa, futhi womabili amaphakheji angahlinzeka nge-interfaces yesignali kagesi engu-8. Uma kuqhathaniswa, iphakheji le-QSFP-DD lincane ngosayizi futhi lifaneleka kakhulu izinhlelo zokusebenza zesikhungo sedatha;iphakethe le-OSFP likhulu kancane ngosayizi futhi lisebenzisa amandla amaningi, okwenza lifaneleke kakhulu izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-telecom.
Hlaziya amandla "awumgogodla" we-100G/400G amamojula optical
Sethule kafushane ukuqaliswa kwamamojula we-100G kanye ne-400G optical.Okulandelayo kungabonakala emidwebeni ehleliwe yesisombululo se-100G CWDM4, isisombululo se-400G CWDM8 kanye nesisombululo se-400G CWDM4:
Uhlelo lwe-100G CWDM4
Uhlelo lwe-400G CWDM8
400G CWDM4 isikimu
Kumojula ye-optical, ukhiye wokubona ukuguqulwa kwesignali ye-photoelectric yi-photodetector.Ukuze ekugcineni uhlangabezane nalezi zinhlelo, hlobo luni lwezidingo okudingeka uhlangabezane nazo kusukela “kumongo”?
Isixazululo se-100G CWDM4 sidinga ukuqaliswa kwe-4λx25GbE, isixazululo se-400G CWDM8 sidinga ukuqaliswa kwe-8λx50GbE, futhi isisombululo se-400G CWDM4 sidinga ukuqaliswa kwe-4λx100GbE. Ngokuhambisana nendlela yokumodulation, i-100G CWDM8 ithatha isilinganiso sohlelo lwe-CWDM4 kanye ne-NDR8du ehambisana ne-400 yesikimu sokuhlonipha I-25Gbd kanye namadivayisi we-53Gbd.Isikimu se-400G CWDM4 samukela uhlelo lokumodela lwe-PAM4, oludinga futhi ukuthi idivayisi ibe nesilinganiso sokushintshwa kwe-53Gbd noma ngaphezulu.
Izinga lokushintshwa kwedivayisi lihambisana nomkhawulokudonsa wedivayisi.Kumojula ye-optical 100G yebhendi engu-1310nm, umtshina womkhawulokudonsa ongu-25GHz InGaAs noma uhlu lomtshina lwanele.