Uyu munsi, interineti nigice cyingenzi mubuzima bwacu bwa buri munsi.Mubyukuri, hari inzira ebyiri zingenzi dukoresha interineti: imwe ni binyuze muri serivisi ya terefone igendanwa;ikindi, muri rusange, binyuze mumurongo mugari murugo cyangwa kukazi.
Urebye muburyo bwumwuga, kwinjira bidasubirwaho nuburyo bworoshye.Ukoresheje insinga, ni insinga zo kwinjira.
Biragaragara, serivisi zamakuru zigendanwa zigomba kuba zidafite umugozi.Umuyoboro mugari murugo cyangwa akazi ni insinga.
Kwifashisha insinga nabyo byitwa "imiyoboro ihamye" (umuyoboro uhamye: umuyoboro wa terefone uhoraho).Umuyoboro mugari no kugera kuri IPTV byose ni "umugozi."
Icyo nshaka kumenyekanisha uyumunsi ni umurongo mugari.
Amateka yiterambere ryumurongo mugari wa enterineti
Reka duhere ku ntangiriro.
Uracyibuka igihe watangiriye kumurongo?
Igihe cyambere cyo gutangira kurubuga rwa interineti cyari muri kaminuza.Hano muri dortoir hari umurongo wa terefone.Mugihe ushaka kwinjira kuri enterineti, shyiramo ikarita ya modem ya mudasobwa yawe, hanyuma ushireho interineti yo guhamagara kuri mudasobwa yawe.
Igenamiterere rirangiye, tangira guhamagara.
Nyuma yo gukomeretsa "kubabaza umutima", byerekana ko guhamagara byagenze neza, ni uguhuza na enterineti.
Nuwuhe muvuduko wo guhamagara kuri enterineti?56Kbps… Nyuma yijwi ryumvikana rya "Umutima Uvunitse Umutima", byerekana ko guhamagara byagenze neza, ni ukuvuga umurongo wa interineti.
Nuwuhe muvuduko wo guhamagara kuri enterineti?56Kbps…
Nibyo, wasomye ubwo burenganzira, bwari buhoro cyane.Ku ikubitiro, dortoir yacu yose yashingiye kuri terefone kugirango ahamagare kandi ahuze na sisitemu yishuri kugirango ahitemo amasomo.Icyo gihe, nyamuneka wumve wenyine...
Byongeye kandi, hamwe nubu buryo bwumwimerere, iyo umaze guhamagara kuri interineti, terefone ntishobora guhuzwa kandi iri muri "akazi".Ntabwo aribyo gusa, ikiguzi nacyo gihenze cyane, kandi kwinjira kuri interineti byishyurwa kumunota-ku munota, kimwe no guhamagara.Umuvuduko umaze kugenda buhoro.Kubona amafaranga yihuta birashobora kukwica gitunguranye.
Nyuma, nyuma yimyaka mike, ADSL yatangiye kuboneka.Igikoresho kimeze nkigishusho gikurikira kiragaragara, cyitwa injangwe ya ADSL (Modem), umurongo wa terefone wacometse mu njangwe ya ADSL, hanyuma injangwe ya ADSL ihuzwa na mudasobwa ikoresheje umugozi w’urusobe.
Nyuma yo gukoresha ADSL, umuvuduko wurusobe narwo wateye imbere cyane, kuva 512Kbps kugeza 1Mbps, hanyuma ukagera kuri 2Mbps.
Nubwo igipimo kikiri gito, birihuta cyane kurenza 56K.Ibyibanze byo kubona paji zurubuga biroroshye, kandi ikiganiro QQ kirihuta, kandi uburambe bwa buriwese kuri interineti bwaratejwe imbere cyane.
Iyi ADSL, ni Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line, ni ubwoko bwa tekinoroji ya DSL.Ikoranabuhanga rya DSL ryahimbwe mu 1989 n'ikigo cy'ubushakashatsi cya Bell Communications.
Igihe ADSL yagaragaye bwa mbere, nagize amatsiko.Wari n'umurongo muto wa terefone, ntabwo wari umugozi wa kabili.Kuki umuvuduko wazamutse gitunguranye?
Byaragaragaye ko umurongo wa terefone wambere, twakundaga guhamagara, wafashe gusa igice gito cyumuringa wumuringa (igice kiri munsi ya 4KHz) kandi ntiwamenye neza ubushobozi bwacyo.
Ikoranabuhanga rya ADSL rikoresha kugabana inshuro nyinshi kugabanya umurongo wa terefone usanzwe mu miyoboro itatu yigenga ya terefone, kuzamura no kumanura, ibyo birinda kwivanga gusa ahubwo binongera igipimo.
By'umwihariko, ADSL ikoresha ikoranabuhanga rya DMT (Discrete Multi-Tone) kugirango igabanye umurongo wa terefone wambere kuva kuri 4KHz kugeza kuri 1.1MHz umurongo wa 256 mugace ka 256 hamwe numuyoboro wa 4.3125KHz.Muri byo, umurongo wa radiyo uri munsi ya 4KHz uracyakoreshwa mu kohereza POTS (serivisi ya terefone gakondo), umurongo wa radiyo kuva 20KHz ukagera kuri 138KHz ukoreshwa mu kohereza ibimenyetso bya uplink, naho umurongo wa radiyo kuva 138KHz ukagera kuri 1.1MHZ ukoreshwa mu kohereza ibimenyetso byamanuka.
Ugereranije nuburyo bwumwimerere, ADSL ntabwo yongera cyane umuvuduko gusa, ariko igiciro nacyo kigabanuka cyane.Iyo ugiye kumurongo, ntuba ugikeneye kwiruka kumwanya.Ikirenzeho, interineti na terefone ntibikiri amakimbirane, kandi birashobora gukorwa icyarimwe.
Nyuma, hashingiwe kuri ADSL, ADSL2 na ADSL2 + barazamuwe, kandi igipimo cyigeze kugera kuri 20Mbps.
Usibye ADSL, umurongo mugari wa radio na tereviziyo (itumanaho rya kabili), imirongo yihariye ya ISDN nubundi buryo bwo kugera kuri interineti byagaragaye hafi yacu.
Umuyoboro mugari wa radiyo na tereviziyo, nizera ko ababikoresheje bashimishijwe.Mubyukuri, nuburyo bwo gutanga umurongo mugari binyuze mumashanyarazi ya coaxial ya tereviziyo (CATV).
ISDN isobanura Serivise ihuriweho na Digital Network Network.Igiciro ni kinini, kandi umuvuduko wurusobe ntabwo wihuta.
Ibyo ari byo byose, nubwo ADSL yongereye cyane umuvuduko wurusobe, igipimo cyo kohereza insinga z'umuringa amaherezo ni gito.Rero, birihutirwa gushaka ubundi buryo.
Nkigisubizo, fibre optique yagaragaye hafi yacu, kandi "optique itumanaho" yaje.
Igihe cyitumanaho ryiza
Umuntu wese agomba kuba yarumvise "umwiherero wambere wumuringa".Ibyo bita "umwiherero wa optique wambere" ni muburyo bukunzwe, gusimbuza buhoro buhoro insinga z'umuringa (insinga za terefone, insinga za coaxial, zombi zigoramye) hamwe na fibre optique kugirango ugere ku ntera iva mu miyoboro migari y'umuringa ijya kuri fibre optique umuyoboro mugari.
Impamvu yabyo ni igice kubera icyifuzo cyo kwiyongera umuvuduko, naho igice kubera igiciro.
Hamwe niterambere ryibihe, igiciro cyicyuma cyumuringa cyiyongereye cyane, mugihe ibiciro byinsinga za fibre optique hamwe na moderi ya optique ya transceiver byagabanutse uko umwaka utashye.Nkumukoresha, birumvikana ko nkunda bihendutse kandi byoroshye gukoresha!
Nibyiza, reka turebe icyo uyu mugozi mugari wa fibre aricyo.
Ubwa mbere, reka turebe imiterere rusange yumurongo witumanaho wumukoresha:
Hejuru ni umuyoboro wa IP umugongo, niwo murongo wibanze wumukoresha.Umuyoboro wumugongo uhujwe nabandi bakora.Imiyoboro yumugongo yabakozi batandukanye ikora umugongo wa interineti.
Byongeye kandi, ihujwe kandi nindi miyoboro ya serivise, nkumuyoboro wa PSTN (umuyoboro wa terefone) hamwe numuyoboro wa IPTV, utanga abakoresha serivisi zitandukanye.
Hasi y'urusobekerane rwigihugu, ni umuyoboro wintara wintara.Hasi hepfo ni Umuyoboro wa Metropolitan.Nkuko izina ribigaragaza, ni umuyoboro witumanaho mumujyi.
UMUGABO agabanijwemo ibice bitatu: urwego rwibanze, urwego rwo guhuza, hamwe nuburyo bwo kugera.
Kwinjira ni urwego rwegereye abakiriya bacu.Iki gice cyumuyoboro winjira nacyo cyitwa umuyoboro winjira.Icyibandwaho ningorabahizi by "umwiherero utera umuringa umwiherero" uri murwego rwo kugera.
Kugeza ubu, tekinoroji ya fibre igera cyane ni PON.
PON ni Passive Optical Network, umuyoboro wa optique.
Passive ni iki?
Iyi "soko" bivuga inkomoko yimbaraga, isoko yingufu, nisoko yingufu.
Kubivuga neza, igikoresho cya elegitoronike kidafite "isoko" cyitwa igikoresho cyoroshye.Kugirango byoroshe, mumurongo wa pasiporo, ibyo utanga nibyo ufite, nta soko yingufu zo gukuza cyangwa guhindura.
Ugereranije numuyoboro wa optique ukora, inyungu nini yumurongo wa optique ni uko igabanya igipimo cyo gutsindwa.Ibigize bifatika bikunze kugaragara kunanirwa.
Umuyoboro wububiko bwa PON nuburyo bukurikira:
PON igizwe n'ibice bikurikira:
OLT (Umurongo wa Optical Line Terminal)
Ku ruhande rumwe, ibimenyetso bitwara serivisi zinyuranye bikusanyirizwa ku biro bikuru, kandi byoherejwe kumurongo winjira ukurikije imiterere yikimenyetso kugirango yohereze kumukoresha wa nyuma.Kurundi ruhande, ibimenyetso biva kumukoresha wa nyuma byoherejwe kumurongo wa serivise zitandukanye ukurikije ubwoko bwa serivisi.in.
POS (pasiporo optique itandukanya)
Ibi biroroshye kubyumva, nibyo gukwirakwiza amakuru yo hasi no gukusanya amakuru yo hejuru.
ONU (Igice cya Optical Network Unit) / ONT (Umuyoboro wa Optical Network Terminal)
Igikoresho cyegereye umukoresha.Abantu benshi ntibashobora gutandukanya ONU na ONT.Mubyukuri, itandukaniro ryoroshye nuko ONT ari ubwoko bwa ONU.ONT ifite icyambu kimwe kandi ikorera umukoresha umwe.ONU ikorera abakoresha benshi.Injangwe yoroheje mumuryango wacu ni ONT.
PON ikoresha WDM (Igice cya Wavelength Division Multiplexing, mubyukuri mubyukuri kugabana inshuro nyinshi, uburebure bwumurongo × inshuro = umuvuduko wurumuri) ikoranabuhanga kugirango igere kumurongo umwe wa fibre icyerekezo kimwe hamwe nuburebure bwumurongo wa 1310nm hamwe nuburebure bwa 1490nm.
PON ifite ibyiza byinshi nkumuyoboro mwinshi, gukora neza, gukwirakwiza cyane, hamwe nabakoresha interineti.Ubu ni tekinoroji izwi cyane ya optique yo kugera.
Ukurikije ibiri mubitwaye, PON igabanijwemo muburyo bukurikira:
- ATM ishingiye kuri Passive Optical Network (APON)
- Ethernet (EPON) ishingiye kuri Ethernet passive optique (EPON)
- Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) ishingiye kuri GFP (Gahunda rusange ya Framing)
Mubyukuri, ntugomba kwibuka cyane.Ibyo ari byo byose, ibuka ko GPON ari nziza kandi nziza.Ubu abakora ibikorwa byose bakora cyane kugirango bateze imbere GPON.
Igishushanyo mbonera cya fibre optique
Nyuma yo kuvuga umwanya muremure, buriwese arashobora kumva azunguye gato, reka dukoreshe imanza namashusho kugirango tubigaragaze.
Dutangirira kumurongo wa IP umugongo, kuva hejuru kugeza hasi, umwe umwe.
Mbere ya byose, ibyo bita enterineti ni kwishimira serivisi zitangwa nabatanga serivise.Kurugero, koresha serivisi ya WeChat itangwa na Tencent, serivisi ya Taobao itangwa na Ali, na serivisi ya videwo yatanzwe na Youku.
Izi serivisi zishingiye kuri seriveri yibikorwa muri data center.
Niba ari ikigo cyamakuru yimishinga, hazaba imirongo ihuza abakoresha batandukanye.Binyuze kuriyi mirongo, huza kumurongo wigihugu wa IP umugongo wumukoresha.
Umuyoboro wigihugu wigihugu noneho uhujwe numuyoboro wintara wintara.Umuyoboro wintara wintara, hanyuma uhuze numujyi wa metropolitani yumujyi.Nyuma yo kohereza binyuze mumurongo wabatwara, amaherezo yaje kumurongo wo kwinjira.Ngiyo PON yacu.
Nyuma yo kugera kuri PON, intambwe yambere nukugera kuri OLT.
OLT ishinzwe ahantu runaka, inyubako cyangwa ahantu ho gutura.Ibi bishingiye ku mubare n'ubunini bw'abakoresha.Ahantu hatuwe cyane nk'inyubako y'ibiro cyangwa amashuri, irashobora kandi gushyirwa imbere yinyubako.
Fibre optique ivuye mubikoresho bya OLT ihujwe ninyubako zitandukanye zo guturamo mubaturage binyuze mumashanyarazi ya ODF hamwe nagasanduku yo gutanga optique.
Mu nyubako yo guturamo elv neza, ukunda kugira agasanduku koroheje, imbere yigitereko.
Amacakubiri ya optique arashobora kugabanya fibre mumiyoboro myinshi ukurikije igipimo cya 1:16 cyangwa 1:32, igapfukirana abakoresha hasi (cyangwa amagorofa menshi).
Fibre optique ivuye muri splitter yinjira mumazu yabaturage.
Fibre imaze kwinjizwa, izahuzwa nagasanduku gafite intege nke murugo.
Hazaba “injangwe yoroheje” mu gasanduku gaciriritse.Iyi njangwe ya optique, nkuko byavuzwe mbere, mubyukuri ni ONT, igikoresho cyiza cya fibre optique ikoresha.
Igice gikurikira kiramenyerewe cyane kuri buri wese, buri muryango uzagura router idafite umugozi (ni ukuvuga Wi-Fi router).Binyuze muri router, huza injangwe ya optique kugirango uhamagare, hanyuma uhindure ibimenyetso bya optique ya fibre optique mubimenyetso byurugo rwawe rutagira umugozi, kugirango terefone zigendanwa, mudasobwa, iPad nibindi bikoresho bigere kuri enterineti.
Ibyavuzwe haruguru nuburyo busanzwe bwa optique fibre yagutse.
Abantu bose babonye ko muribi bihe byavuzwe haruguru, fibre optique ihujwe murugo, ibi bita FTTH (Fibre Kuri Murugo).
Ariko, kumiryango myinshi ishaje, ibikoresho byibanze byurusobe ntibihagije kugirango byuzuze ibisabwa na FTTH.Niba fibre idashobora kugera murugo, FTTB cyangwa FTTC izemerwa.
FTTB: Fibre Kuri Inyubako
FTTC: Fibre Kuri Curb
Dufashe FTTB nk'urugero, iyo fibre optique ivuye muri OLT inyuze muri ODF optique yo gukwirakwiza no gutandukanya, iyo igeze mu nyubako, yinjira muri ONU mucyumba kidakomeye cy'inyubako.
ONU ifite uburyo butandukanye bwo kugera.Muri make, ni uguhindura optique ya fibre optique kuburyo bwa ADSL, uburyo bwa POTS, nuburyo bwa LAN.
