Namuhla, i-inthanethi iyingxenye ebalulekile yokuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke.Eqinisweni, kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko esisebenzisa ngayo i-Inthanethi: eyodwa iwukusebenzisa isevisi yedatha yeselula;enye, ngokuvamile, nge-broadband ekhaya noma emsebenzini.
Ngokombono wochwepheshe, ukufinyelela okungenantambo kuwukufinyelela okungenantambo.Ngezintambo, ukufinyelela kwentambo.
Ngokusobala, izinsiza zedatha yeselula kumele zingabi nantambo.I-Broadband ekhaya noma emsebenzini inezintambo.
Ukufinyelela ngezintambo kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi “ukufinyelela kwenethiwekhi okulungisiwe” (inethiwekhi elungisiwe: inethiwekhi yocingo engashintshi).Ukufinyelela kwebroadband nokufinyelela kwe-IPTV konke “kuyikhebula.”
Engifuna ukukwazisa namuhla ukufinyelela kwe-broadband.
Umlando wokuthuthuka wokufinyelela ku-inthanethi ye-broadband
Ake siqale ekuqaleni.
Usakhumbula ngenkathi uqala uku-inthanethi?
Isikhathi sokuqala sokuqala ukusebenzisa i-inthanethi kwakusekolishi.Kukhona ucingo endlini yokulala.Uma ufuna ukungena ku-inthanethi, xhuma ikhadi lemodemu yekhompyutha yakho, bese usetha i-inthanethi yokudayela kukhompuyutha yakho.
Ngemva kokuthi izilungiselelo seziqediwe, qala ukudayela.
Ngemuva kokukhala "kosizi lwenhliziyo", kubonisa ukuthi ukudayela kube yimpumelelo, okungukuthi ukuxhuma ku-inthanethi.
Siyini isivinini sokufinyelela ku-inthanethi kokudayela?56Kbps … Ngemva komsindo othi “Inhliziyo Ebuhlungu”, kubonisa ukuthi ukudayela kube yimpumelelo, okungukuthi, uxhumano Lwe-inthanethi.
Siyini isivinini sokufinyelela ku-inthanethi kokudayela?56Kbps...
Yebo, ufunde lokho kahle, bekuhamba kancane.Ekuqaleni, indawo yethu yonke yokulala yayithembele kule foni ukuze ishayele ucingo futhi ixhume ohlelweni lwesikole ukuze ikhethe izifundo.Ngaleso sikhathi, ngicela uzizwele...
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngale ndlela yokuqala, uma ushayela i-Inthanethi, ifoni ayikwazi ukuxhunywa futhi isesimweni "sokumatasa".Akukhona lokho kuphela, izindleko nazo zibiza kakhulu, futhi ukufinyelela ku-inthanethi kukhokhiswa umzuzu nomzuzu, njengokushaya ucingo.Isivinini sesivele sihamba kancane.Ukubona imali igijima kungakubulala kungazelelwe.
Kamuva, ngemva kweminyaka embalwa, i-ADSL yaqala ukutholakala.Igajethi efana nesithombe esilandelayo iyavela, ebizwa nge-ADSL cat (Modemu), ulayini wefoni uxhunywe kwikati le-ADSL, bese kuthi ikati le-ADSL lixhumeke kukhompuyutha ngentambo yenethiwekhi.
Ngemuva kokusebenzisa i-ADSL, isivinini senethiwekhi sithuthukiswe kakhulu, sisuka ku-512Kbps saya ku-1Mbps, bese siya ku-2Mbps.
Nakuba izinga lisephansi, lishesha kakhulu kuno-56K.Izisekelo zokufinyelela amakhasi ewebhu zishelela, futhi ingxoxo ye-QQ iyashesha, futhi ukuzizwisa kwe-inthanethi kwawo wonke umuntu kuthuthukiswe kakhulu.
Le ADSL, okuyi-Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line, iwuhlobo lobuchwepheshe be-DSL.Ubuchwepheshe be-DSL basungulwa ngo-1989 yiBell Communications Research Institute.
Lapho i-ADSL ibonakala okokuqala, ngaba nelukuluku lokwazi.Bekuphinde kube wulayini wocingo omncane, hhayi ikhebula lenethiwekhi elisontekile.Kungani isivinini sivele ngokuzumayo?
Kuvele ukuthi ulayini wokuqala wocingo, ebesiwujwayele ukushaya izingcingo, uthathe kuphela ingxenye yefrikhwensi ephansi yocingo lwethusi (ingxenye engaphansi kuka-4KHz) futhi ayizange ibone ngokugcwele amandla ayo.
Ubuchwepheshe be-ADSL busebenzisa i-frequency division multiplexing ukuze bahlukanise ulayini wocingo ojwayelekile ube amashaneli amathathu azimele uma kuqhathaniswa ocingo, i-uplink ne-downlink, engagwemi kuphela ukuphazamiseka kodwa futhi enyusa izinga.
Ngokukhethekile, i-ADSL isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-DMT (Discrete Multi-Tone) ukuze ihlukanise ulayini wocingo wangempela usuka ku-4KHz uye ku-1.1MHz ibhendi yefrikhwensi ube amabhande angaphansi angu-256 anomkhawulokudonsa ongu-4.3125KHz.Phakathi kwazo, ibhendi yefrikhwensi engaphansi kuka-4KHz isasetshenziselwa ukudlulisa ama-POTS (isevisi yocingo evamile), ibhendi yefrikhwensi esuka ku-20KHz iye ku-138KHz isetshenziselwa ukudlulisa amasignali e-uplink, kanye nebhendi yefrikhwensi ukusuka ku-138KHz ukuya ku-1.1MHZ isetshenziselwa ukudlulisa amasignali e-downlink.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nendlela yokuqala, i-ADSL ayikhulisi kakhulu isivinini kuphela, kodwa intengo nayo yehla kakhulu.Uma uxhumeke ku-inthanethi, akusadingeki ugijime ngokumelene nesikhathi.Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingcingo ze-inthanethi nezingcingo azisangqubuzani, futhi zingenziwa kanyekanye.
Kamuva, ngesisekelo se-ADSL, ADSL2 ne-ADSL2 + zathuthukiswa, futhi izinga lake lafinyelelwa ku-20Mbps.
Ngaphezu kwe-ADSL, i-broadband yomsakazo nethelevishini (ukuxhumana kwekhebula), imigqa ezinikele ye-ISDN nezinye izindlela zokufinyelela ku-inthanethi zivele eduze kwethu.
I-Broadband yomsakazo nethelevishini, ngikholwa ukuthi labo abayisebenzisayo bahlabeke umxhwele.Eqinisweni, kuyindlela yokunikeza ukufinyelela kwe-broadband ngentambo ye-coaxial ye-cable television (CATV).
I-ISDN imele i-Integrated Services Digital Network.Izindleko ziphakeme kakhulu, futhi isivinini senethiwekhi asisheshi.
Kunoma yikuphi, nakuba i-ADSL ikhulise kakhulu isivinini senethiwekhi, izinga lokudlulisela izintambo zethusi ekugcineni lilinganiselwe.Ngakho-ke, kuyaphuthuma ukuthola enye indlela.
Ngenxa yalokho, kwavela imicu yamehlo eduze kwethu, futhi “inkathi yokuxhumana ngombono” yafika.
Inkathi yokuxhumana ye-Optical
Wonke umuntu kumele ngabe wezwa “nge-copper retreat ekhanyayo”.Lokhu okubizwa ngokuthi “i-optical advance copper retreat”, ngokwemibandela edumile, wukushintsha kancane kancane izintambo zethusi (izintambo zocingo, izintambo ze-coaxial, amapheya asontekile) ngemicu yokubona ukuze kuzuzwe uguquko olusuka kumanethiwekhi ekhebula ethusi ebhande elincane ukuya ku-fiber-optic. amanethiwekhi e-broadband.
Isizathu salokhu ngokwengxenye kungenxa yesidingo sokukhuphuka kwesivinini, futhi ngokwengxenye kungenxa yezindleko.
Ngokuthuthuka kwezikhathi, intengo yensimbi yethusi iye yanda kakhulu, kuyilapho amanani entengo yezintambo ze-fiber optical kanye namamojula we-transceiver optical abelokhu ehla unyaka nonyaka.Njengo-opharetha, vele ngithanda ezishibhile futhi kulula ukuzisebenzisa!
KULUNGILE, ake sibheke ukuthi iyini le-fiber broadband.
Okokuqala, ake sibheke ukwakheka okuphelele kwenethiwekhi yokuxhumana yomsebenzisi:
Phezulu kunenethiwekhi yomgogodla we-IP, okumane kuyinethiwekhi ewumgogodla yomsebenzisi.Inethiwekhi yomgogodla ixhunywe kwabanye opharetha.Amanethiwekhi omgogodla wama-opharetha abehlukene akha umgogodla we-inthanethi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphinde ixhumeke kwamanye amanethiwekhi wesevisi, njengenethiwekhi ye-PSTN (inethiwekhi yocingo) nenethiwekhi ye-IPTV, ehlinzeka abasebenzisi ngezinsizakalo ezihlukahlukene.
Ngaphansi kwenethiwekhi kazwelonke yomgogodla, iyinethiwekhi yomgogodla wesifundazwe.Ngaphezulu phansi kuneMetropolitan Area Network.Njengoba igama liphakamisa, iyinethiwekhi yokuxhumana phakathi kwedolobha.
I-MAN ihlukaniswe yaba izingqimba ezintathu: isendlalelo esiyinhloko, isendlalelo sokuhlangana, kanye nesendlalelo sokufinyelela.
Isendlalelo sokufinyelela siyisendlalelo esiseduze neklayenti lethu.Le ngxenye yenethiwekhi yokufinyelela ibizwa nangokuthi inethiwekhi yokufinyelela.Ukugxila nobunzima "be-light advance copper retreat" ilele kulesi sendlalelo sokufinyelela.
Njengamanje, ubuchwepheshe bokufinyelela ku-fiber obujwayelekile kakhulu yi-PON.
I-PON i-Passive Optical Network, inethiwekhi yokubona engenzi lutho.
Yini i-passive?
Lo “mthombo” ubhekisela emthonjeni wamandla, umthombo wamandla, nomthombo wamandla.
Ukukubeka kucace, umshini kagesi ongenawo “umthombo” onjalo ubizwa ngokuthi i-passive device.Ukwenza kube lula, kunethiwekhi yesenzo, okunikezayo yilokho onakho, awukho umthombo wamandla ongasondeza noma uguqule.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nenethiwekhi ye-optical esebenzayo, inzuzo enkulu yenethiwekhi ye-passive optical ukuthi yehlisa izinga lokuhluleka.Izingxenye ezisebenzayo zijwayele ukuba namaphoyinti okuhluleka.
Isakhiwo senethiwekhi ye-PON imi kanje:
I-PON yakhiwe izingxenye ezilandelayo:
OLT (Optical Line Terminal)
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amasignali aphethe izinsizakalo ezihlukahlukene ahlanganiswa ehhovisi eliphakathi, futhi athunyelwe kunethiwekhi yokufinyelela ngokuvumelana nefomethi ethile yesignali yokudlulisela kumsebenzisi wokugcina.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amasignali avela kumsebenzisi wokugcina athunyelwa kumanethiwekhi ahlukahlukene wesevisi ngokuya ngohlobo lwesevisi.phakathi.
I-POS (i-passive optical splitter)
Lokhu kulula ukukuqonda, okungukuthi ukusabalalisa idatha ye-downlink kanye nokuhlanganisa idatha ye-uplink.
I-ONU (Optical Network Unit) / ONT (Optical Network Terminal)
Idivayisi eseduze nomsebenzisi.Abantu abaningi abakwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwe-ONU ne-ONT.Eqinisweni, umehluko olula ukuthi i-ONT iwuhlobo lwe-ONU.I-ONT inembobo eyodwa kuphela futhi isebenzela umsebenzisi oyedwa.I-ONU inikeza abasebenzisi abaningi.Ikati elikhanyayo emndenini wethu li-ONT.
I-PON isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing, empeleni okuyi-frequency division multiplexing, i-wavelength × imvamisa = isivinini sokukhanya) ukuze kuzuzwe ukudluliswa kwe-bidirectional ye-fiber eyodwa nge-wavelength ekhuphukayo engu-1310nm kanye ne-wavelength engezansi engu-1490nm.
I-PON inezinzuzo eziningi ezifana nomkhawulokudonsa ophezulu, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, ukumbozwa okukhulu, nokuxhumana okucebile komsebenzisi.Njengamanje iwubuchwepheshe obudume kakhulu bokufinyelela okubonakalayo.
Ngokusho kokuqukethwe komphathi, i-PON ihlukaniswe ikakhulukazi lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo:
- Inethiwekhi ye-Passive Optical Network (APON) esekwe ku-ATM
- Inethiwekhi ye-Ethernet (EPON) esekelwe ku-Ethernet passive optical network (EPON)
- I-Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) esekelwe ku-GFP (Inqubo Yokuhlaka Okujwayelekile)
Eqinisweni, awudingi ukukhumbula okuningi.Noma kunjalo, khumbula ukuthi i-GPON ihamba phambili futhi ihamba phambili.Manje bonke opharetha abakhulu basebenza kanzima ukuthuthukisa i-GPON.
Inqubo yokufinyelela ku-inthanethi ye-fiber-optic yezithombe
Ngemva kokukhuluma isikhathi eside, wonke umuntu angase azizwe enesiyezi, ake sisebenzise izimo zangempela nezithombe ukuze sikufanekise.
Siqala kusuka kunethiwekhi yomgogodla we-IP, ukusuka phezulu kuye phansi, ngamunye ngamunye.
Okokuqala, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukufinyelela ku-inthanethi ukujabulela izinsiza ezihlinzekwa abahlinzeki besevisi yenethiwekhi.Isibonelo, sebenzisa isevisi ye-WeChat ehlinzekwa i-Tencent, isevisi ye-Taobao ehlinzekwa ngu-Ali, kanye nesevisi yevidiyo ehlinzekwa u-Youku.
Lawa masevisi asekelwe kumaseva ezinkampani esikhungweni sedatha.
Uma kuyisikhungo sedatha yebhizinisi, kuzoba nemigqa yokuxhuma evela ku-opharetha abahlukene.Ngale migqa, xhuma kunethiwekhi kazwelonke yomgogodla we-IP yesisebenzisi.
Inethiwekhi yomgogodla kazwelonke ibe isixhunywa kunethiwekhi yomgogodla wesifundazwe.Inethiwekhi yomgogodla wesifundazwe, bese ixhuma kunethiwekhi yedolobha elikhulu ledolobha.Ngemva kwalokhu kudlulisa ngenethiwekhi yomthwali, ekugcineni kwafika kunethiwekhi yokufinyelela.Leyo yi-PON yethu.
Ngemva kokufika e-PON, isinyathelo sokuqala ukufinyelela i-OLT.
I-OLT ibhekele indawo ethile, isakhiwo noma indawo yokuhlala.Lokhu kusekelwe enanini nosayizi wabasebenzisi.Ezindaweni eziminyene njengezakhiwo zamahhovisi noma izikole, zingase futhi zibekwe ngqo ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo.
Imicu yokubona evela emishinini ye-OLT ixhunywe ezakhiweni ezihlukene zokuhlala emphakathini ngamarack e-ODF namabhokisi okulethwa kwamehlo.
Esakhiweni sokuhlala i-elv kahle, ivame ukuba nebhokisi likampompi elikhanyayo, ngaphakathi kwesihlukanisi se-boam.
I-optical splitter ingahlukanisa i-fibre ibe amashaneli amaningi ngokuya ngesilinganiso esingu-1:16 noma 1:32, imboze abasebenzisi esitezi esihambisanayo (noma izitezi eziningi).
Imicu ye-optical evela ku-splitter ingena ezindlini zabahlali.
Ngemuva kokuthi i-fiber ifakiwe, izoxhunywa ebhokisini lamanje elibuthakathaka ekhaya.
Kuzoba khona “ikati elikhanyayo” ebhokisini eline-voltage ephansi.Leli kati elibonakalayo, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, empeleni liyi-ONT, idivayisi yokufinyelela yomsebenzisi ye-passive optical fibre.
Ingxenye elandelayo ijwayeleke kakhulu kuwo wonke umuntu, wonke umndeni uzothenga irutha engenantambo (okungukuthi, i-Wi-Fi router).Ngerutha, xhuma ikati elibonakalayo ukuze udayele, bese ushintsha isignali yenethiwekhi yefiber optical ibe isignali yenethiwekhi engenantambo yasekhaya, ukuze omakhalekhukhwini, amakhompyutha, ama-iPads namanye amadivayisi akwazi ukufinyelela i-inthanethi.
Okungenhla kuyindlela yokufinyelela ejwayelekile kakhulu ye-optical fiber broadband.
Wonke umuntu uqaphele ukuthi esimweni esingenhla, i-fiber optical ixhunywe ngqo ekhaya, lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-FTTH (I-Fiber To The Home).
Nokho, emiphakathini eminingi emidala, okokusebenza kwenethiwekhi okuyisisekelo azanele ukuhlangabezana nemibandela ye-FTTH.Uma ifayibha ingakwazi ukufinyelela ekhaya, kuzothathwa i-FTTB noma i-FTTC.
I-FTTB: I-Fiber Iya Esakhiweni
I-FTTC: I-Fiber To The Curb
Sithatha i-FTTB njengesibonelo, lapho i-fiber optical evela ku-OLT idlula kuhlaka lokusabalalisa optical ye-ODF kanye ne-splitter, lapho ifika esakhiweni, ingena ngokuqondile ku-ONU ekamelweni lamanje elibuthakathaka lesakhiwo.
I-ONU inezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokufinyelela.Kalula nje, kuwukushintsha indlela yefiber optical ibe indlela ye-ADSL, indlela ye-POTS, kanye nendlela ye-LAN.
