Namhlanje, i-Intanethi yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yobomi bethu bemihla ngemihla.Enyanisweni, zimbini iindlela eziphambili esisebenzisa ngayo i-Intanethi: enye kungenkonzo yedatha yefowuni ephathwayo;enye, ngokubanzi, ngokusebenzisa ibroadband ekhaya okanye emsebenzini.
Ukusuka kwimbono yobungcali, ukufikelela ngaphandle kwamacingo kukufikelela ngaphandle kwamacingo.Ngeengcingo, lufikelelo ngeengcingo.
Ngokucacileyo, iinkonzo zedatha yeselula kufuneka zingabinacingo.Ibroadband ekhaya okanye emsebenzini ineentambo.
Ufikelelo ngeengcingo lukwabizwa ngokuba “lufikelelo lwenethiwekhi esisigxina” (uthungelwano olusisigxina: inethiwekhi yomnxeba esisigxina).Ukufikelela kwiBroadband kunye nokufikelela kwi-IPTV zonke "ziintambo".
Into endifuna ukuyazisa namhlanje kukufikelela kwibroadband.
Imbali yophuhliso lokufikelela kwi-intanethi yebroadband
Masiqale ekuqaleni.
Ngaba usakhumbula xa wawuqala kwi-intanethi?
Elona xesha lokuqala lokuqalisa ukusefa kwi-Intanethi kwakusekholejini.Kukho umnxeba kwindawo yokulala.Xa ufuna ukungena kwi-Intanethi, qhagamshela ikhadi lemodem yekhompyuter yakho, emva koko usete i-Intanethi yokucofa kwikhompyuter yakho.
Emva kokuba useto lugqityiwe, qalisa ukudayela.
Emva kwe-creak ye "heartbreak", ibonisa ukuba ukudayela kuphumelele, oko kukuthi ukuxhuma kwi-Intanethi.
Sithini isantya sokucofa kwi-Intanethi?56Kbps … Emva kwesandi esikhenkcezayo “seNtliziyo ebuhlungu”, ibonisa ukuba ukudayela kube yimpumelelo, oko kukuthi, uqhagamshelo lwe-Intanethi.
Sithini isantya sokucofa kwi-Intanethi?56Kbps...
Ewe, ufunde oko kulungile, bekucotha kakhulu.Ekuqaleni, indawo yethu yokulala yonke yayixhomekeke kule fowuni ukucofa kwaye uqhagamshele kwinkqubo yesikolo ukukhetha izifundo.Ngelo xesha, nceda uzive ngokwakho...
Ngaphezu koko, ngale ndlela yoqobo, xa ucofa i-Intanethi, ifowuni ayinakuqhagamshelwa kwaye ikwimeko "exakekileyo".Ayisiyiyo loo nto kuphela, iindleko zikwabiza kakhulu, kwaye ukufikelela kwi-Intanethi kuhlawuliswa ngomzuzu-ngomzuzu, njengokufowuna.Isantya sele sicotha.Ukubona imali ibaleka ingakubulala ngesiquphe.
Kamva, emva kweminyaka embalwa, iADSL yaqalisa ukufumaneka.Igajethi efana nomfanekiso olandelayo ibonakala, ebizwa ngokuba yi-ADSL cat (iModem), umgca wefowuni ufakwe kwikati ye-ADSL, kwaye ikati ye-ADSL ixhunyiwe kwikhompyutheni ngentambo yenethiwekhi.
Emva kokusebenzisa i-ADSL, isantya senethiwekhi siye saphuculwa kakhulu, ukusuka kwi-512Kbps ukuya kwi-1Mbps, emva koko ukuya kwi-2Mbps.
Nangona izinga lisephantsi, likhawuleza kakhulu kune-56K.Iziseko zokufikelela kumaphepha ewebhu zigudile, kwaye incoko yeQQ ikhawuleza, kwaye amava e-Intanethi yomntu wonke aphuculwe kakhulu.
Le ADSL, eyi-Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line, luhlobo lweteknoloji ye-DSL.Itekhnoloji ye-DSL yasungulwa ngo-1989 yiBell Communications Research Institute.
Xa kwavela iADSL okokuqala, ndaba nomdla.Ikwayintambo yefowuni ebhityileyo, ingeyiyo intambo ejijekileyo yenethiwekhi.Kwakutheni ukuze isantya senyuke ngokukhawuleza?
Kuye kwavela ukuba umnxeba wokuqala wefowuni, esasidla ngokufowuna, uthathe kuphela indawo ephantsi yocingo lobhedu (inxalenye engaphantsi kwe-4KHz) kwaye ayizange iqonde ngokupheleleyo amandla ayo.
Itekhnoloji ye-ADSL isebenzisa i-frequency division multiplexing ukwahlula umgca wefowuni oqhelekileyo ube ngamajelo amathathu azimeleyo efowuni, i-uplink kunye ne-downlink, engathinteli kuphela ukuphazamiseka kodwa inyusa izinga.
Ngokukodwa, i-ADSL isebenzisa iteknoloji ye-DMT (Discrete Multi-Tone) ukwahlula umgca wefowuni wokuqala ukusuka kwi-4KHz ukuya kwi-1.1MHz band frequency ibe ngama-subband angama-256 kunye ne-bandwidth ye-4.3125KHz.Phakathi kwabo, i-frequency band engaphantsi kwe-4KHz isasetyenziselwa ukuhambisa i-POTS (inkonzo yomnxeba yendabuko), i-frequency band esuka kwi-20KHz ukuya kwi-138KHz isetyenziselwa ukuhambisa iimpawu ze-uplink, kunye ne-frequency band ukusuka kwi-138KHz ukuya kwi-1.1MHZ isetyenziselwa ukuhambisa izibonakaliso ze-downlink.
Xa kuthelekiswa nendlela yokuqala, i-ADSL ayinyusi kakhulu isantya kuphela, kodwa ixabiso liyancipha kakhulu.Xa ungena kwi-intanethi, akusekho mfuneko yokuba ugqatso ngokuchasene nexesha.Ngaphezu koko, i-Intanethi kunye neefowuni zokufowuna azisangqubuzani, kwaye zinokwenziwa ngaxeshanye.
Kamva, ngesiseko se-ADSL, ADSL2 kunye ne-ADSL2 + zaphuculwa, kwaye izinga liye lafika kwi-20Mbps.
Ukongeza kwi-ADSL, i-radio kunye ne-broadband ye-TV (unxibelelwano lwentambo), i-ISDN imigca enikezelweyo kunye nezinye iindlela zokufikelela kwi-Intanethi ziye zavela ngeenxa zonke kuthi.
Ibroadband kanomathotholo nomabonakude, ndikholelwa ukuba abo bathe bayisebenzisa bachukumisekile.Enyanisweni, yindlela yokubonelela ngokufikelela kwi-broadband ngentambo ye-coaxial ye-cable TV (CATV).
I-ISDN imele i-Integrated Services Digital Network.Iindleko ziphezulu kakhulu, kwaye isantya sothungelwano asikhawulezi.
Kwimeko nayiphi na into, nangona i-ADSL inyuse kakhulu isantya sothungelwano, izinga lokuhanjiswa kweengcingo zobhedu ekugqibeleni lilinganiselwe.Ngoko ke, kungxamisekile ukufumana enye indlela.
Ngenxa yoko, kwavela iintambo zamehlo ezisijikelezileyo, kwaye “ixesha lonxibelelwano lokukhanya” lafika.
Ixesha lonxibelelwano lwe-Optical
Wonke umntu umele ukuba weva "ngokukhanya kwangaphambili kobhedu ukubaleka".Oko kubizwa ngokuba “yi-optical advance copper retreat”, ngokwemigaqo edumileyo, kukutshintshwa ngokuthe ngcembe kweengcingo zobhedu (iingcingo zomnxeba, iintambo ze-coaxial, izibini ezijijekileyo) ezinemicu ebonayo ukufezekisa utshintsho olusuka kuthungelwano lwentambo yobhedu olumxinwa ukuya kwi-fiber-optic. iinethiwekhi zebroadband.
Isizathu soku ngokuyinxenye kungenxa yemfuno yokunyuka kwesantya, kwaye ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yeendleko.
Ngokuphuhliswa kwamaxesha, ixabiso lesinyithi sobhedu liye landa kakhulu, ngelixa amaxabiso eentambo ze-fiber optical kunye neemodyuli ze-transceiver optical ziye zahla ngonyaka.Njengomsebenzisi, ngokuqinisekileyo ndiyathanda ngexabiso eliphantsi kwaye kulula ukuyisebenzisa!
Kulungile, makhe sijonge ukuba yintoni le broadband yefiber.
Okokuqala, makhe sijonge kwisakhiwo ngokubanzi sothungelwano lonxibelelwano lomsebenzisi:
Phezulu kukho inethiwekhi yomqolo we-IP, eyona nethiwekhi ingundoqo yomsebenzisi.Inethiwekhi yomqolo iqhagamshelwe kwabanye abaqhubi.Uthungelwano lomqolo lwabaqhubi abahlukeneyo benza umqolo we-Intanethi.
Ngaphezu koko, ikwaqhagamshelwe kwezinye iinethiwekhi zeenkonzo, ezifana nenethiwekhi ye-PSTN (inethiwekhi yomnxeba) kunye nenethiwekhi ye-IPTV, ebonelela abasebenzisi ngeenkonzo ezahlukeneyo.
Phantsi kuthungelwano lomqolo wesizwe, luthungelwano lomqolo wephondo.Ezantsi ezantsi yi-Metropolitan Area Network.Njengoko igama libonisa, luthungelwano lonxibelelwano ngaphakathi kwesixeko.
I-MAN yahlulwe yangamacandelo amathathu: i-core layer, i-convergence layer, kunye ne-access layer.
Umaleko wofikelelo ngumaleko okufutshane kumxhasi wethu.Le ndawo yothungelwano lofikelelo ikwabizwa ngokuba yinethiwekhi yofikelelo.Ingqwalasela kunye nobunzima "bokukhanya kwangaphambili kobhedu lokubuyela umva" ilele kulo maleko wofikelelo.
Okwangoku, eyona teknoloji yokufikelela kwifiber yiPON.
I-PON yiNethiwekhi ye-Passive Optical, inethiwekhi yokukhanya engabonakaliyo.
Yintoni i-passive?
Lo “mthombo” ubhekisela kumthombo wamandla, umthombo wamandla, nomthombo wamandla.
Ukuyibeka ngokucacileyo, isixhobo sombane esingenalo “mthombo” sibizwa ngokuba sisixhobo sokwenziwa.Ukwenza kube lula, kuthungelwano lwe-passive, into oyinikayo yile onayo, akukho mthombo wamandla wokusondeza okanye ukuguqula.
Xa kuthelekiswa nenethiwekhi ye-optical esebenzayo, inzuzo enkulu yothungelwano lwe-passive optical kukuba inciphisa izinga lokungaphumeleli.Amacandelo asebenzayo athandeka ngakumbi kumanqaku angaphumeleli.
Uyilo lwenethiwekhi yePON luloluhlobo lulandelayo:
I-PON yenziwe ngala malungu alandelayo:
OLT (Itheminali yomgca wokubona)
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iimpawu eziphethe iinkonzo ezahlukeneyo zihlanganiswe kwiofisi ephakathi, kwaye ithunyelwe kwinethiwekhi yokufikelela ngokuhambelana nefomathi yesignali ethile yokudluliselwa kumsebenzisi wokugqibela.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iimpawu ezivela kumsebenzisi wokugqibela zithunyelwa kwiinethiwekhi ezahlukeneyo zenkonzo ngokohlobo lwenkonzo.kwi.
I-POS (i-passive optical splitter)
Oku kulula ukuyiqonda, oko kukuthi ukusabalalisa idatha ye-downlink kunye nokudibanisa idatha ye-uplink.
I-ONU (Iyunithi yeNethiwekhi yokubona) / ONT (Itheminali yeNethiwekhi yokubona)
Isixhobo esikufutshane nomsebenzisi.Abantu abaninzi abakwazi ukwahlula phakathi kwe-ONU kunye ne-ONT.Enyanisweni, umahluko olula kukuba i-ONT luhlobo lwe-ONU.I-ONT inezibuko elinye kwaye inika umsebenzisi omnye.I-ONU isebenzela abasebenzisi abaninzi.Ikati ekhanyayo kusapho lwethu i-ONT.
I-PON isebenzisa i-WDM (i-Wavelength Division Multiplexing, eneneni i-frequency division multiplexing, i-wavelength × i-frequency = isantya sokukhanya) iteknoloji ukufezekisa ukuhanjiswa kwe-bidirectional ye-fiber enye kunye ne-wavelength ephezulu ye-1310nm kunye ne-wavelength esezantsi ye-1490nm.
I-PON ineengenelo ezininzi ezinje nge-bandwidth ephezulu, ukusebenza kakuhle okuphezulu, ukugubungela okukhulu, kunye nojongano lomsebenzisi otyebileyo.Okwangoku yeyona nto idumileyo yetekhnoloji yokufikelela kwi-optical.
Ngokomxholo womphathi, i-PON yohlulwe ikakhulu kwezi ntlobo zilandelayo:
- Inethiwekhi yePassive Optical esekelwe kwi-ATM (APON)
- I-Ethernet (EPON) esekwe kwinethiwekhi ye-Ethernet esebenzayo (EPON)
- I-Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) esekelwe kwi-GFP (iNkqubo yokuQinisa Jikelele)
Enyanisweni, akuyomfuneko ukuba ukhumbule kakhulu.Nangona kunjalo, khumbula ukuba i-GPON yeyona nto ilungileyo kwaye ingcono.Ngoku bonke abaqhubi abakhulu basebenza nzima ukuphuhlisa iGPON.
Inkqubo yokufikelela kwi-Intanethi ye-Fiber-optic yeGraphical
Emva kokuthetha ixesha elide, wonke umntu unokuziva enesiyezi, masisebenzise iimeko zokwenyani kunye nemifanekiso ukuyibonisa.
Siqala kwinethiwekhi ye-backbone ye-IP, ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi, nganye nganye.
Okokuqala, oko kuthiwa ukufikelela kwi-Intanethi kukunandipha iinkonzo ezinikezelwa ngababoneleli benkonzo yenethiwekhi.Umzekelo, sebenzisa inkonzo ye-WeChat enikezelwa nguTencent, inkonzo yeTaobao enikezelwa ngu-Ali, kunye nenkonzo yevidiyo enikezelwa nguYouku.
Ezi nkonzo zisekelwe kwiiseva zamashishini kwiziko ledatha.
Ukuba liziko ledatha yeshishini, kuya kubakho imigca yoqhagamshelo evela kubaqhubi abahlukeneyo.Ngokusebenzisa le migca, qhagamshela kwinethiwekhi yesizwe ye-IP yomqolo yomsebenzisi.
Uthungelwano lomqolo wesizwe emva koko luqhagamshelwe kuthungelwano lomqolo wephondo.Uthungelwano lomqolo wePhondo, emva koko uqhagamshele kuthungelwano lwengingqi yemetropolitan yesixeko.Emva koku kugqithiselwa kwinethiwekhi yomthwali, ekugqibeleni kwafika kwinethiwekhi yofikelelo.Leyo yiPON yethu.
Emva kokufika kwi-PON, inyathelo lokuqala kukufikelela kwi-OLT.
I-OLT inoxanduva lommandla othile, isakhiwo okanye indawo yokuhlala.Oku kusekelwe kwinani kunye nobukhulu babasebenzisi.Kwiindawo ezixineneyo njengezakhiwo zee-ofisi okanye izikolo, inokubekwa ngqo ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo.
Iifiber zamehlo ezivela kwisixhobo se-OLT zidibaniswe nezakhiwo ezahlukahlukeneyo zokuhlala kuluntu ngee-racks ze-ODF kunye neebhokisi zokuhanjiswa kwe-optical.
Kwisakhiwo sokuhlala i-elv kakuhle, ithande ukuba nebhokisi yempompo ekhanyayo, ngaphakathi kwe-beam splitter.
I-splitter ye-optical inokwahlula i-fiber kwiitshaneli ezininzi ngokomlinganiselo we-1:16 okanye i-1:32, ukugubungela abasebenzisi kumgangatho ohambelanayo (okanye imigangatho emininzi).
Imicu ye-optical evela kwi-splitter ingena kumakhaya abahlali.
Emva kokuba ifayibha ingenile, iya kudibaniswa nebhokisi yangoku ebuthathaka ekhaya.
Kuya kubakho "ikati ekhanyayo" kwibhokisi ye-low-voltage.Le kati yamehlo, njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, eneneni yi-ONT, isixhobo sokufikelela kumsebenzisi wefiber ye-passive.
Inxalenye elandelayo iyaziwa kakhulu kumntu wonke, yonke intsapho iya kuthenga i-router engenazintambo (oko kukuthi, i-Wi-Fi router).Nge-router, qhagamshela ikati ye-optical ukucofa, kwaye utshintshe isignali yenethiwekhi yefiber optical kwinethiwekhi yenethiwekhi engenazingcingo yekhaya lakho, ukuze iiselfowuni, iikhompyuter, ii-iPads kunye nezinye izixhobo zikwazi ukufikelela kwi-Intanethi.
Le ingasentla yeyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yokufikelela kwifiber yebroadband.
Wonke umntu waqaphela ukuba kwimeko engentla, i-fiber optical ixhunywe ngokuthe ngqo kwikhaya, oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-FTTH (iFiber ukuya kwiKhaya).
Nangona kunjalo, kwiindawo ezininzi zakudala, izixhobo zenethiwekhi ezisisiseko azanelanga ukuhlangabezana neemeko zeFTTH.Ukuba umsinga awufikeleli ekhaya, i-FTTB okanye i-FTTC iya kwamkelwa.
I-FTTB: IFayibha ukuya kwiSakhiwo
I-FTTC: IFayibha ukuya kwiCurb
Ukuthatha i-FTTB njengomzekelo, xa i-fiber optical evela kwi-OLT idlula kwi-ODF isakhelo sokusabalalisa optical kunye ne-splitter, xa ifika kwisakhiwo, ingena ngqo kwi-ONU kwigumbi elikhoyo elibuthathaka lesakhiwo.
I-ONU ineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokufikelela.Ukubeka nje ngokulula, kukutshintsha indlela yefiber optical kwindlela yeADSL, indlela yePOTS, kunye nendlela yeLAN.
